Lecture 1-Intro

Question 1

What are the basic components of the CNS?

Answer 1

• cerebral hemispheres
• brainstem and cerebellum
• spinal cord

Question 2

What are the components of the PNS?

Answer 2

• dorsal and ventral roots
• spinal nerves
• peripheral nerves
• ganglia

Question 3

True or false: the cauda equina is part of the CNS

Answer 3

FALSE - PNS because it has dorsal and ventral roots

Question 4

What is grey matter composed of?

Answer 4

Cell bodies and dendrites, highly vascular

Question 5

What is white matter composed of?

Answer 5

Axons and their supporting cells

Question 6

True or false: grey matter contains axons

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

Why is white matter white and grey matter grey?

Answer 7

• white: fatty myelin

- grey: no myelin and highly vascular

Question 8

What is the PNS equivalent of grey matter?

Answer 8

Ganglia

Question 9

What is the PNS equivalent of white matter?

Answer 9

Peripheral nerve

Question 10

How many segments is the spinal cord composed of?

Answer 10

31

Question 11

What are the layers of the spinal cord?

Answer 11

Grey matter in the centre and white matter outside

Question 12

What is a spinal nerve composed of?

Answer 12

Dorsal root (sensory) and ventral root (motor) so spinal nerve is mixed

Question 13

What is a funiculus?

Answer 13

Segment of white matter with multiple tracts and impulses travelling in multiple directions

Question 14

What is a tract?

Answer 14

White matter pathway connecting two distinct regions of grey matter where impulses travel in one direction

Question 15

What is a fasciculus?

Answer 15

Subdivision of a tract supplying a distinct region of the body

Question 16

How is grey matter in the cord organised?

Answer 16

Into cell columns (Rexed’s laminae)

Question 17

What is a nucleus?

Answer 17

Collection of functionally related cell bodies (grey matter)

Question 18

What is cortex?

Answer 18

Folded sheet of cell bodies found on the surface of the brain surface (grey matter)

Question 19

What is a fibre?

Answer 19

Axon in association with its supporting cells, also called axon (white matter)

Question 20

Describe the three types of fibres

Answer 20

• association fibres: connect regions within the same hemisphere
• commissural fibres: connect left and right hemispheres or cord halves
• projection fibres: connect cerebral hemispheres with cord/brainstem

Question 21

Where is the primary motor cortex in the brain?

Answer 21

Precentral gyrus

Question 22

Where is the primary sensory cortex in the brain?

Answer 22

Postcentral gyrus

Question 23

Where is the primary visual cortex in the brain?

Answer 23

Calcarine sulcus

Question 24

What is the cingulate gyrus responsible for?

Answer 24

Emotion and memory

Question 25

What is the fornix?

Answer 25

Major output pathway from the hippocampus

Question 26

What is the tectum?

Answer 26

Dorsal part of midbrain involved in involuntary responses to auditory and visual stimuli

Question 27

What is a cerebellar tonsil?

Answer 27

Part of the cerebellum that can herniate and compress the medulla

Question 28

What are brain ventricles?

Answer 28

Cavities in the brain

Question 29

What is a choroid plexus and where is it found?

Answer 29

Found in the ventricles, makes 600-700 ml of CSF per day.

Question 30

How do the lateral ventricles drain into the third ventricle?

Answer 30

Interventricular foramen

Question 31

What is the tube between the third and fourth ventricles called?

Answer 31

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 32

Where does the fourth ventricle drain?

Answer 32

• Two lateral apertures
• Midline aperture
• Central canal of spinal cord

Question 33

How does CSF eventually enter the venous system?

Answer 33

Aperture -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulation in superior sagittal sinus -> dural venous sinus -> venous blood