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Parasitology 2018 > Lecture 3: Nematodes (part 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Nematodes (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

canine ascarid (roundworm)

A

toxocara canis

eggs, thick shell with dark morula

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2
Q

ascarid of cat

A

toxocara cati

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3
Q

ascarid of both dogs and cats

A

toxascaris leonina (lighter, outer shell is smooth, not dark and rough like other ascarid eggs)

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4
Q

what morphological feature can help ID ascarid adults

A

alae (cuticle) differs by spp

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5
Q

ascarids discussed

A

t. canis
t. cati
toxascaris leonina
baylisascaris procyonis

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6
Q

infective stage of T. canis

A

egg with L2 larvae

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7
Q

possible routes of transmission to DH for T. canis

A

ingestion (direct trans)
transuterine
lactogenic
ingestion of paratenic host

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8
Q

direct transmission (fecal) in dogs less than 3 mo old with toxocara canis

A

“tracheal migration”
ingests L2
larva hatches in SI, penetrates SI and goes to LN, liver, heart, pulmonary arteries, lungs
molts to L3 in alveoli and is coughed up/swallowed
matures in SI to L5

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9
Q

direct transmission (fecal) in dogs older than 3 mo old with toxocara canis

A

“somatic migration”
ingests L2
hatches in SI, penetrates SI and enters cystemic circulation (doesn’t penetrate alveoli)
L2 larvae encyst in tissues
NO MATURATION occurs (IS of host stops development)

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10
Q

how do puppies get infected with toxocara canis in utero

A

the hypobiotic L2 larvae mobilize around d42 pregnancy and migrate to fetuses

migrate to liver and molt to L3 and migrate to lungs at birth

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11
Q

when can eggs be found in puppy feces infected transuterine by toxocara canis

A

23-40d old

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12
Q

lactogenic transmission of toxocara canis

A

L2 larvae in mammary tissue passed to pupppies, NO MIGRATION

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13
Q

Toxocara canis infection via paratenic host

A

ingest PH with encysted L2s (rodents). NO MIGRATION

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14
Q

routes of infection that do not involve migration in the DH for toxocara canis

A

lactogenic, paratenic host ingestion

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15
Q

toxocara cati direct transmission has __ migration vs the somatic migration seen with toxocara canis

A

tracheal migration

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16
Q

most common route a cat is infected with toxocara cati

A

ingestion of paratenic host (rodent, cockroach, earthworm)

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17
Q

is there migration with direct transmission of toxascaris leonina

A

no! migration with other spp via direct transmission

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18
Q

pathologies caused by ascarides (roundworms)

A

more problems seen in young with heavy infections

death (rare) 
pneumonia 
intestinal obstruction V/D
pot belly 
Neurologic disorder
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19
Q

diagnosing ascrids

A

fecal float, eggs float nicely and there will be a ton of them. can also see adults in feces

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20
Q

treating ascarids

A

treat mother and litter!
fenbendazole dogs and bitches
selamectin for cats
remove feces daily, rodent and PH control

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21
Q

is toxocara canis zoonotic

A

yes, causes visceral larval migrans

chronic granulomatous lesions in liver, lungs, brain, eye

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22
Q

dirt eating childeren may get

A

toxocara canis, they are a paratenic host

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23
Q

ascarid with DH being raccoons, kinkajous, and dogs

A

baylisascaris procyonis

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24
Q

infective stage of baylisascaris procyonis

A

egg with L3

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25
Q

paratenic host for baylisascaris procyonis

A

mice, rabbits, birds, humans

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26
Q

how can humans get baylisascaris procyonis

A

ingest larvated eggs in contaminated food/water/environment

consuming raw meat

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27
Q

CS in paratenic hosts of baylisascaris infections

A

visceral larval migrans causing neurologic disease
severity of disease depends on number of larvae and spp
rodents, rabbits, birds, primates have high susceptibility

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28
Q

CS in paratenic host for baylisascaris infections

A

low numbers = none

high numbers migrating = respiratory distress, granulomas, invasion of spinal cord, brain, death

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29
Q

infective stage of baylisascaris

A

L2 in egg

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30
Q

the esophageal worm

A

spirocerca lupi

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31
Q

DH for spirocerca lupi

A

caudal esophagus of dogs, cats, and wild canids and felids

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32
Q

IH for spirocerca lupi

A

dung beetle

paratenic hosts: amphibians, repitles, birds

33
Q

spirocerca lupi distribution

A

worldwide, mainly tropical/subtrop regions

34
Q

adult spirocerca lupi roundworms

A

bright red and coiled

35
Q

infective stage of spirocerca lupi

A

L3 in dung beetle

36
Q

migration of spirocerca lupi in DH

A

L3 migrates from stomach to gastric arteries, aorta (stay here 2+mo) and finally to esophagus where they form nodules/mature/mate

37
Q

CS from spirocerca lupi

A 
roughened aorta
spondylitis of thoracic vertebra
migration to other aberrant sites 
esophageal obstruction
granuloma around nodule can develop into sarcoma
38
Q

granulomas formed around spirocerca lupi have been known to become

A

sarcomas

39
Q

dx spirocerca lupi

A

fecal float with high spec grav
endoscopy - most sensitive
radiography (caudal esophageal mass, spondylitis)

40
Q

tx spirocerca lupi

A

ivermectin tried first

41
Q

the physaloptera stomach worm of cats

A

physaloptera praeputialis

42
Q

the stomach worm of dogs

A

physaloptera rara

43
Q

IH of physaloptera (stomach worm)

A

dung beetles, cockroach, grasshoppers

44
Q

paratenic hosts of physaloptera

A

snake, rat, frog

45
Q

eggs and adult physaloptera

A

small worms that curl up (males have alae on posterior end)

small, oval, thick shelled smooth egg

46
Q

infective stage of physaloptera

A

L3 inside IH (beetle, roach, grass hopper)

47
Q

CS physaloptera

A

usually asymptomatic

can cause edematous stomach with increased mucus and inflammation, melena, chronic vomiting and wt loss

48
Q

dx physaloptera

A

fecal or vomit float using high spec grav
may see adults in vomitus
endoscopy

49
Q

the cat puke worm or stomach worm of cats

A

ollulanus tricuspis

50
Q

DH for ollulanus

A

stomach of cats, foxes, pigs, rarely dogs

51
Q

lifecycle for ollulanus

A

direct

52
Q

infective stage for ollulanus

A

female births L3 larvae = infective from birth

53
Q

dx ollulanus tricuspis

A

worms in vomit
baermann’s test
stomach irrication

54
Q

threadworms

A

strongyloides stercoralis

strongyloides tumefaciens

55
Q

parasitic stage of strongyloides (threadworm)

A

parthanogenic L3 females! not the free living males/females

migrate lungs - trachea - esophagus - intestine

56
Q

hookworms

A 
ancylostoma 
a. caninum
a. braziliense
a. tubaeformae
unicinaria stenocephala
57
Q

Worm in dog that has 3 chitenized teeth on adult worm. Male has a copulatory bursa.

A

ancylostoma caninum

58
Q

hookworm found in SI of cat, also has 3 pairs of teeth

A

ancylostoma tubaeformae

59
Q

hookworm found in both dogs and cats but only has 2 pairs of teeth

A

ancylostoma braziliense

60
Q

hookworm found in dogs in norther america that has a large buccal cavity and cutting plates

A

unicinaria stenocephala

61
Q

Ancylostoma caninum life cycle

A

non-larvated eggs passed in feces, embyronate in environment
within 1day L1 hatches
L3 infective stage
infects DH in many ways (oral, skin pen, transplacental, lactogenic, ingestion PH)

62
Q

5 possible ways L3 infects DH

A 
Ingestion L3 
skin penetration
transplacental
lactogenic 
ingestion PH
63
Q

most common route of infection for ancylostoma caninum

A

skin penetration!

64
Q

describe the migration in a L3 a. caninum penetrating skin of a puppy

A

extensive migration

BV, heart, alveoli, bronchi

65
Q

describe the migration in a L3 a. caninum penetrating skin of a older dog (over 3mo)

A

extensive migration but more of a “somatic route”

the L3 migrate and encyst in the muscle (hypobiotic, dormant)

66
Q

how do you treat the encysted L3 ancylostoma caninum

A

no treatment for this stage, protected from drugs and host IS

67
Q

how do cats get ancylostoma tubaeformae hookworms

A

ONLY acquired after birth via INGESTION (environmental contam)

68
Q

most common CS a. caninum infection

A

anemia; puppies hit hardest due to low iron stores and lack of aquired immunity

69
Q

which hookworm species are most pathogenic, they are voracious bloodsuckers

A

a. caninum, a. tubaeformae

70
Q

young puppy with deteriorating health, pale mucous membranes, dark liquid feces but a negative fecal

A

suspect peracute hookworm disease from transmammary infection, enough adults can kill the puppy…treatment often doesn’t work and they need blood transfusions

will see CS before see eggs in feces

71
Q

what is acute hookworm disease

A

sudden exposure of older pups to large numbers of larvae

will have CS before eggs

treatment is effective

72
Q

what is chronic hookworm disease

A

no CS

eggs in feces and reduced PCV, may be a “poor doer”

73
Q

what is secondary hookworm disease

A

older dogs that are emaciated and anemic, usually hookworms are NOT the main culprit

74
Q

treatment for a. caninum in dogs

A

adult worms:
fenbend, moxidectin, pyrantel

L4 larvae: moxidectin “break life cycle”

this treatment is same for other spp hookworm

75
Q

“sand worms” “plumber’s itch” “creeping eruption”

A

L3 skin penatrations in humans (zoonotic) by

ancylostoma braziliense causing cutaneous larval migrans

76
Q

whipworms

A

trichuris

t. vulpis (dog)
t. campanula (cat)
t. serrata (cat)

77
Q

where are whipworms located in DH

A

adults Mainly in cecum

78
Q

infective stage for whipworms

A

embryonated eggs with L2

Parasitology 2018 (8 decks)

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