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Parasitology 2018 > Lecture 1: Trematodes > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

trematodes are

A

flukes

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2
Q

lizard poisoning fluke

A

platynosomum concinnum

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3
Q

where is the fluke found in the DH

A

Bile ducts of cats

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4
Q

Intermediate hosts of platynosomum concinnum (lizard fluke)

A 
terrestrial snail (subulina, eulata) 
anolis lizards
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5
Q

paratenic host of platynosomum concinnum (lizard fluke)

A

pill bug

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6
Q

eggs of platynosomum concinnum (lizard fluke)

A

operculated eggs containing miracidium

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7
Q

what infects the snail (IH) in platynosomum life cycle

A

miracidium ingested by 1st IH the terrestrial snail

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8
Q

what leaves the terrestrial snail IH in platynosomum LC

A

miricidium hatches and sporocysts, cercariae burst out of snail

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9
Q

after the 1st IH (terrestrial snail) in platynosomum LC what happens next

A

cercariae can be ingested by pill bug or anole
anole can also eat infected pill bug
cercariae then encyst to metacercariae in bile ducts of anole lizard

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10
Q

platynosomum LC

A

Operculated eggs
miracidium in terrestrial snail
cercariae leave snail into 2IH
2IH has encysted metacercariae which is consumed by cat

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11
Q

dz seen with platynosomum in cats

A

typically asymptomatic
liver dz
cholangiocarcinoma

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12
Q

diagnosing platynosomum

A

fecal sedimentation - can be hard to pick up still

eosinophilia, increased ALT
visible on necropsy

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13
Q

treatment choice for platynosomum

A

praziquantel

no labeled treatments though!

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14
Q

the lung fluke

A

paragonimus kellicotti

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15
Q

lung fluke DH (paragonimus)

A

dogs, cats, mink, muskrat

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16
Q

lung fluke IH (paragonimus)

A

1st IH: aquatic snail (melania, ampullaria)

2nd IH: crayfish or crab

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17
Q

regional distribution of paragonimus (lung fluke)

A

eastern US

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18
Q

adult morphology differences of paragonimus vs. platynosomum

A

paragonimus is 2x larger and integument is covered in spines

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19
Q

adult paragonimus found in the __ of DH and passed in __

A

lungs (inside cysts), feces

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20
Q

paragonimus eggs require __ to hatch/complete LC

A

Water

miracidium will penetrate aquatic snail

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21
Q

what emerges from the aquatic snail in paragonimus LC

A

Cercariae

this penetrates the 2IH (crustation)

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22
Q

what happens to the cercariae of paragonimus in the crustation

A

encysts as metacercariae in heart, liver, muscles

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23
Q

what happens to the adult paragonimus in the lungs

A

they make a cyst, may be a pair in one

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24
Q

how do paragonimus flukes survive in the lung

A

cleave IgG to reduce eos and down regulate host inflamm response

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25
clinical signs with paragonimus kellicottii (lung fluke)
juvi migration - peritonitis, hemorrhage | adults - chronic bronchitis, coughing, eos, pneumonia
26
is paragonimus kellicotti zoonotic?
yes! humans can get the lung fluke by ingesting undercooked crustations (crabs, cray fish)
27
what CS can be seen with paragonimus kellicotti infection in dogs, cats, and humans
normally asymptomatic can have abdominal pain, diarrhea from fluke migration can have pleural effusion, coughing, bronchopneumonia, chest pain from encysted flukes
28
what is a severe CS that can happen when paragonimus kellicotti infects humans
aberrant migration to the brain! (headache, vomiting, seizures, coma, death) usually seen in young adults 15-30yo
29
paragonimus kellicotti diagnosis
sedimentation tracheal wash rads
30
treatment for paragonimus kellicotti
none approved | same as with platynosomum; praziquantel, fenbendazole, albendazole (crosses BBB)
31
the salmon poisoning fluke
nanophyetus salmincola
32
region for nanophyetus salmincola infections
salmon poisoning fluke is mostly seen in pacific NW (travel hx is important)
33
DH for nanophyetus salmincola
dogs, cats, coyote, fox, fish-eating mammals (bears, humans)
34
IH for nanophyetus salmincola
``` 1IH - aquatic snail (oxytrema) 2IH FISH (trout or salmon) ```
35
describe the eggs of flukes
operculated, usually darker colored and dense
36
describe eggs and adult nanophyetus salmincola
adults are very small, shaped kind of like a yeast/peanut | eggs are large, yellow-brown and operculated
37
LC of nanophyetus salmincola
miracidium penetrates aquatic snail cercariae emerges from snail and penetrates fish encysts as metacercariae in fish tissues fish ingested by DH and fluke matures in SI NO MIGRATION
38
CS of salmon poisoning
usually asymptomatic if only a nanophyetus salmincola infection if co-infected with neorickettsia helminthoeca will see fever, anorexia, V/D, hemorrhagic enteritis, lymphadenopathy and death
39
treatment for salmon poisoning
praziquantel, fenbendazole for flukes | doxycycline for neorickettsia
40
diagnosis of nanophyetus salmincola
sedimentation
41
the canine blood fluke
heterobilharzia americana
42
describe the adult heterobilharzia mericana
look like nematodes, but they are flukes. NOT hermaphroditic like the other flukes discussed.
43
Where does the male carry the female heterobilharzia americana
in the gynecophoric canal
44
where is heterobilharzia located in DH
mesenteric and hepatic veins of dogs, bobcats, raccoons
45
where is heterobilharzia americana seen most often
gulf coast, louisiana bayous, mississippi delta
46
IH for heterobilharzia americana
aquatic snail (lymnaea)
47
how many IH are involved in LC for heterobilharzia
one, the aquatic snail
48
cercariae can cause skin irritation from penetration in which species of flukes
heterobilharzia americana zoonotic, causes "swimmer's itch" aka cercarial dermatitis
49
treatment for most flukes
praziquantel, fenbendazole, albendazole
50
diagnosis for most flukes
fecal sedimentation
51
fluke which inhabits the SI of dogs and cats that has a unique route of trasmammary transmission
alaria spp.
52
IH for alaria spp.
1IH: aquatic snail (helisoma) 2IH: tadpole (rana pipiens) paratenic hosts
53
describe the adult alaria flukes
spoon-shaped, have weird appendages at the anterior end that look like antenna
54
LC of alaria spp.
eggs pass in feces from DH 1IH miracidium penetrates aq snail and cercariae emerge cercariae penetrate tadpole (2IH) and develop into mesocercaria and metacercariae - this can be ingested by paratenic host
55
infective stage of alaria to cat and dog
metacercariae
56
if a lactating cat ingests mesocercariae (juvi fluke) what happens
can migrate to mammary gland and infect kittens
57
alaria spp has __ migration
lung - can cause pulmonary hemorrhage
58
are there any approved drugs for treating flukes in SA?
No, usually use praziquantel, fenbendazole, and albendazole off label for treatment
59
flukes with zoonotic potential
``` paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke); aberrant migration to brain heterobilharzia americana (canine blood fluke); swimmer's itch or cercarial dermatitis ```
60
phylum for flukes
Phylum; platyhelminthes "flatworms" includes the trematodes "flukes" and cestodes "tapeworms" flukes are in the class Trematoda
61
fluke morphological recap
dorsoventrally flattened have a tegument (can be smooth or spined) attachment organs; anterior feeding oral sucker and ventral attachment acetabulum digestive ssytem has two blind ceca excretory and nervous systems hermaphroditic (with exception of schistosomes like heterobiharzia americana) schistosomes "split bodied flukes" inhabit blood vessels of DH, they are NOT hermaphroditic and they look more like "roundworms". Males have a gynecophoric canal to hold female in. We only discussed the canine blood fluke, heterobilharzia americana
62
typical lifecycle of fluke
``` operculated egg miracidium cercaria metacercaria - infective stage adult fluke ```
63
infective stage of fluke
metacercaria

Parasitology 2018 (8 decks)

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