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Parasitology 2018 > Lecture 1: Trematodes > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

trematodes are

A

flukes

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2
Q

lizard poisoning fluke

A

platynosomum concinnum

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3
Q

where is the fluke found in the DH

A

Bile ducts of cats

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4
Q

Intermediate hosts of platynosomum concinnum (lizard fluke)

A 
terrestrial snail (subulina, eulata) 
anolis lizards
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5
Q

paratenic host of platynosomum concinnum (lizard fluke)

A

pill bug

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6
Q

eggs of platynosomum concinnum (lizard fluke)

A

operculated eggs containing miracidium

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7
Q

what infects the snail (IH) in platynosomum life cycle

A

miracidium ingested by 1st IH the terrestrial snail

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8
Q

what leaves the terrestrial snail IH in platynosomum LC

A

miricidium hatches and sporocysts, cercariae burst out of snail

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9
Q

after the 1st IH (terrestrial snail) in platynosomum LC what happens next

A

cercariae can be ingested by pill bug or anole
anole can also eat infected pill bug
cercariae then encyst to metacercariae in bile ducts of anole lizard

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10
Q

platynosomum LC

A

Operculated eggs
miracidium in terrestrial snail
cercariae leave snail into 2IH
2IH has encysted metacercariae which is consumed by cat

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11
Q

dz seen with platynosomum in cats

A

typically asymptomatic
liver dz
cholangiocarcinoma

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12
Q

diagnosing platynosomum

A

fecal sedimentation - can be hard to pick up still

eosinophilia, increased ALT
visible on necropsy

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13
Q

treatment choice for platynosomum

A

praziquantel

no labeled treatments though!

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14
Q

the lung fluke

A

paragonimus kellicotti

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15
Q

lung fluke DH (paragonimus)

A

dogs, cats, mink, muskrat

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16
Q

lung fluke IH (paragonimus)

A

1st IH: aquatic snail (melania, ampullaria)

2nd IH: crayfish or crab

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17
Q

regional distribution of paragonimus (lung fluke)

A

eastern US

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18
Q

adult morphology differences of paragonimus vs. platynosomum

A

paragonimus is 2x larger and integument is covered in spines

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19
Q

adult paragonimus found in the __ of DH and passed in __

A

lungs (inside cysts), feces

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20
Q

paragonimus eggs require __ to hatch/complete LC

A

Water

miracidium will penetrate aquatic snail

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21
Q

what emerges from the aquatic snail in paragonimus LC

A

Cercariae

this penetrates the 2IH (crustation)

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22
Q

what happens to the cercariae of paragonimus in the crustation

A

encysts as metacercariae in heart, liver, muscles

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23
Q

what happens to the adult paragonimus in the lungs

A

they make a cyst, may be a pair in one

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24
Q

how do paragonimus flukes survive in the lung

A

cleave IgG to reduce eos and down regulate host inflamm response

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25
Q

clinical signs with paragonimus kellicottii (lung fluke)

A

juvi migration - peritonitis, hemorrhage

adults - chronic bronchitis, coughing, eos, pneumonia

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26
Q

is paragonimus kellicotti zoonotic?

A

yes! humans can get the lung fluke by ingesting undercooked crustations (crabs, cray fish)

27
Q

what CS can be seen with paragonimus kellicotti infection in dogs, cats, and humans

A

normally asymptomatic
can have abdominal pain, diarrhea from fluke migration
can have pleural effusion, coughing, bronchopneumonia, chest pain from encysted flukes

28
Q

what is a severe CS that can happen when paragonimus kellicotti infects humans

A

aberrant migration to the brain! (headache, vomiting, seizures, coma, death) usually seen in young adults 15-30yo

29
Q

paragonimus kellicotti diagnosis

A

sedimentation
tracheal wash
rads

30
Q

treatment for paragonimus kellicotti

A

none approved

same as with platynosomum; praziquantel, fenbendazole, albendazole (crosses BBB)

31
Q

the salmon poisoning fluke

A

nanophyetus salmincola

32
Q

region for nanophyetus salmincola infections

A

salmon poisoning fluke is mostly seen in pacific NW (travel hx is important)

33
Q

DH for nanophyetus salmincola

A

dogs, cats, coyote, fox, fish-eating mammals (bears, humans)

34
Q

IH for nanophyetus salmincola

A 
1IH - aquatic snail (oxytrema) 
2IH FISH (trout or salmon)
35
Q

describe the eggs of flukes

A

operculated, usually darker colored and dense

36
Q

describe eggs and adult nanophyetus salmincola

A

adults are very small, shaped kind of like a yeast/peanut

eggs are large, yellow-brown and operculated

37
Q

LC of nanophyetus salmincola

A

miracidium penetrates aquatic snail
cercariae emerges from snail and penetrates fish
encysts as metacercariae in fish tissues
fish ingested by DH and fluke matures in SI
NO MIGRATION

38
Q

CS of salmon poisoning

A

usually asymptomatic if only a nanophyetus salmincola infection
if co-infected with neorickettsia helminthoeca will see fever, anorexia, V/D, hemorrhagic enteritis, lymphadenopathy and death

39
Q

treatment for salmon poisoning

A

praziquantel, fenbendazole for flukes

doxycycline for neorickettsia

40
Q

diagnosis of nanophyetus salmincola

A

sedimentation

41
Q

the canine blood fluke

A

heterobilharzia americana

42
Q

describe the adult heterobilharzia mericana

A

look like nematodes, but they are flukes. NOT hermaphroditic like the other flukes discussed.

43
Q

Where does the male carry the female heterobilharzia americana

A

in the gynecophoric canal

44
Q

where is heterobilharzia located in DH

A

mesenteric and hepatic veins of dogs, bobcats, raccoons

45
Q

where is heterobilharzia americana seen most often

A

gulf coast, louisiana bayous, mississippi delta

46
Q

IH for heterobilharzia americana

A

aquatic snail (lymnaea)

47
Q

how many IH are involved in LC for heterobilharzia

A

one, the aquatic snail

48
Q

cercariae can cause skin irritation from penetration in which species of flukes

A

heterobilharzia americana zoonotic, causes “swimmer’s itch” aka cercarial dermatitis

49
Q

treatment for most flukes

A

praziquantel, fenbendazole, albendazole

50
Q

diagnosis for most flukes

A

fecal sedimentation

51
Q

fluke which inhabits the SI of dogs and cats that has a unique route of trasmammary transmission

A

alaria spp.

52
Q

IH for alaria spp.

A

1IH: aquatic snail (helisoma)
2IH: tadpole (rana pipiens)
paratenic hosts

53
Q

describe the adult alaria flukes

A

spoon-shaped, have weird appendages at the anterior end that look like antenna

54
Q

LC of alaria spp.

A

eggs pass in feces from DH
1IH miracidium penetrates aq snail and cercariae emerge
cercariae penetrate tadpole (2IH) and develop into mesocercaria and metacercariae - this can be ingested by paratenic host

55
Q

infective stage of alaria to cat and dog

A

metacercariae

56
Q

if a lactating cat ingests mesocercariae (juvi fluke) what happens

A

can migrate to mammary gland and infect kittens

57
Q

alaria spp has __ migration

A

lung - can cause pulmonary hemorrhage

58
Q

are there any approved drugs for treating flukes in SA?

A

No, usually use praziquantel, fenbendazole, and albendazole off label for treatment

59
Q

flukes with zoonotic potential

A 
paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke); aberrant migration to brain 
heterobilharzia americana (canine blood fluke); swimmer's itch or cercarial dermatitis
60
Q

phylum for flukes

A

Phylum; platyhelminthes “flatworms”
includes the trematodes “flukes” and cestodes “tapeworms”

flukes are in the class Trematoda

61
Q

fluke morphological recap

A

dorsoventrally flattened
have a tegument (can be smooth or spined)
attachment organs; anterior feeding oral sucker and ventral attachment acetabulum
digestive ssytem has two blind ceca
excretory and nervous systems
hermaphroditic (with exception of schistosomes like heterobiharzia americana)

schistosomes “split bodied flukes” inhabit blood vessels of DH, they are NOT hermaphroditic and they look more like “roundworms”. Males have a gynecophoric canal to hold female in. We only discussed the canine blood fluke, heterobilharzia americana

62
Q

typical lifecycle of fluke

A 
operculated egg
miracidium
cercaria 
metacercaria - infective stage
adult fluke
63
Q

infective stage of fluke

A

metacercaria

Parasitology 2018 (8 decks)

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