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mimm 465 > Lecture 3: maurice > Flashcards

Lecture 3: maurice Flashcards

1
Q

humans are made up of what

A

-eukaryotes
-bacteria
-archaeabacteria
-viruses
-parasites

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2
Q

what is commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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3
Q

what is mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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4
Q

what is parasitm

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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5
Q

true or false: interactions between microbes and humans can fall anywhere on the symbiosis spectrum between beneficial and neutral

A

false it is beteween beneficial and harmful

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6
Q

genome: who’s there. what is the tool?

A

amplicon sequencing/16 s rDNA sequencing

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7
Q

genome: what can happen. what is the tool?

A

metagenomics/shotgun sequencing

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8
Q

transcriptome: what is happening/what are they doing: what is the tool?

A

metatranscriptomics

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9
Q

proteome: what makes it happen/how does it happen?: what is the tool

A

metaproteomics

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10
Q

metabolome: what has and is still happening?: what is the tool

A

metabolomics

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11
Q

how many phyla exist

A

more than 5o

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12
Q

the human microbiota is dominated by how many phyla

A

3-5

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13
Q

true or false: microbial communities are site specific

A

true

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14
Q

70% of total microbiome is in the….

A

colon…..

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15
Q

which bacteria dominate the stomach

A

-lactobacillus
-veillonella
-helicobacter

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16
Q

True or false: microbiota composition is highly variable between individuals, the functional gene profiles are similar

A

true

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17
Q

Oral and fecal communities analyzed by

A

16S rna seq

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18
Q

Bacteroidota formely known as

A

Bacteroidetes

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19
Q

how many species in Bacteroidota

A

70000

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20
Q

Most common genera are….

A

Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas,
and Xilanibacter

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21
Q

what is the shape of the Bacteroidota

A

-gram -, anaerobic and rod shaped bacteria

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22
Q

which bacteria is known to degrade a variety of complex glycans (polysaccharide utilization loci, starch utilization system)

A

Bacteroidota

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23
Q

what is the most gram - bacteria of the gut microbiota

A

Bacteroides

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24
Q

true or false: bacteroides are non-flagellated and non-fimbriated bacteria

A

true

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25
Q

give the % of Bacteroides vulgatus

A

31%

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26
Q

give the % Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

A

12%

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27
Q

give the % Bacteroides fragilis

A

5%

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28
Q

Bacillota is formely known as the…

A

Firmicutes

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29
Q

is Bacillota gram + or -

A

mostly gram +

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30
Q

is Bacillota spore forming

A

yeah

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31
Q

are Bacillota anaerobe

A

nah they are obligate anaerobes

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32
Q

which species does Bacillota contain

A

Clostridium
Ruminococcus
Lactococcus
Lactobacillus
Eubacterium
Roseburia (butyrate-producing)
Faecalibacterium (butyrateproducing)
Veillonella (Gram-negative).

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33
Q

Pseudomonadota (form. Proteobacteria) in clude what…

A

Escherichia and Desulfovibrio (sulfate-reducing bacteria)

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34
Q

Actinomycetota (form. Actinobacteria): includes …..

A

Collinsella species and Bifidobacterium species (probiotics)

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35
Q

Verrucomicrobiota (form. Verrucomicrobia): includes….

A

the species Akkermansia muciniphila, specialized in mucus degradation

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36
Q

Main Functions of the Human Microbiome

A

ü Colonization resistance.
ü Production of vitamins.
ü Metabolism of xenobiotics.
ü Generation of metabolites.
ü Digestion of dietary fibers and generation of shortchain fatty acids.
ü Development of the immune system.

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37
Q

Bacterial metabolite production

A

ü Dietary phosphatidylcholine is hydrolyzed in the intestine by lipases to generate choline.
ü In the colon, the microbial choline utilization (cut) gene cluster is responsible for the formation of trimethylamine (TMA).
ü TMA is absorbed and oxydized in the liver into TMA N-oxide (TMAO), which is linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
ü The cut gene cluster was identified in 20 members of the human gut microbiota, including members of the Bacillota, Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota phyla.

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38
Q

Primary bile acids (e.g. cholic acid) are synthesized in the….

A

liver from cholesterol and excreted in bile

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39
Q

some of the primary bile acids the large intestine, where several species of….

A

Bacillota (e.g. Clostridial species from cluster XI, Clostridium scindens and Clostridium hylemonae) generate secondary bile acid using the bai genes

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40
Q

These secondary bile acids (e.g. deoxycholic acid) inhibit the growth of….

A

C. difficile, but were shown to mediate tumor development in a mouse model of
liver cancer

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41
Q

The gut microbiota degrades indigestible dietary….

A

carbohydrates from plants (pectin, cellulose, xilan, and starch)

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42
Q

Bacterial metabolism of plant carbohydrates generates…

A

short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) that account for over 10% of our daily calories

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43
Q

name microbiota scfas

A

-acetate
-propionate
-butyrate

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44
Q

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the fermentation end products of…

A

dietary carbohydrates

45
Q

what is the concentration of scfa’s

A

can reach up to 100 mM in the distal colon

46
Q

Although all SCFAs influence colonic health, …. appears to have important specific functions.

A

butyrate

47
Q

what is the role of butyrate

A

-acts as an energy source for enterocytes
-Butyrate inhibits histone deacetylases (HDAC), leading to increased histone acetylation and epigenetic modification of gene expression.
-Butyrate induces TGF-b secretion by epithelial cells
-stimulates dendritic cells and macrophages to produce IL-10 and retinoic acids

48
Q

Butyrate-producing bacteria are widely distributed in the …. class

A

Clostridia

49
Q

butyrate inhibits what?

A

histone deacetylases (HDAC), leading to increased histone acetylation and epigenetic modification of gene expression.

50
Q

Butyrate and niacin bind ….

A

GPR109a on epithelial cells to trigger production of the cytokine IL-18.

51
Q

Low-fiber diet promotes
expansion of….

A

colonic mucus-degrading bacteria (Akkermansia muciniphila)

52
Q

Low-fiber diet increases the susceptibility of mice to

A

colitis caused by the enteric pathogen citrobacter rodentium

53
Q

Bacteriocins produced by the microbiota

A

Consist of lantibiotics, thiopeptides, microcins,

54
Q

true or false: bacteriocins are toxic for a specific set of bacterial species, excluding the producer

A

true

55
Q

Mutacin 1140 is one of the 4 lantibiotics produced by…..

A

Streptococcus
mutans, active against other Streptococci

56
Q

This mutacin undergoes post-translational modifications. Eleven genes are required for its biosynthesis

A

mutacin 1140

57
Q

Disease can result from loss of ..

A

beneficial functions or new maladapted functions.

58
Q

what can cause ibs, psoriasis and acne

A

microbial imbalance: dysbiosis

59
Q

The vagus nerve, which connects the
CNS to the ENS, has both … and
… neurons

A

afferent and efferent

60
Q

Production of bacterial metabolites that access the bloodstream and cross the BBB can directly regulate

A

neurological functions (e.g. SCFAs and
neurotransmitters).

61
Q

Immune cells and cytokines, which cross the BBB, can regulate

A

neurological functions, including thev hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

62
Q

which neurotransmitters does bacillus produce?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine

63
Q

which neurotransmitters does Bifidobacterium produce?

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

64
Q

which neurotransmitters does Enterococcus produce?

A

serotonin

65
Q

which neurotransmitters does Escherichia produce?

A

Norepinephrine, serotonin

66
Q

which neurotransmitters does Lactobacillus produce?

A

Acetylcholine, GABA

67
Q

which neurotransmitters does Streptococcus produce?

A

Serotonin

68
Q

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disease diagnosed by

A

behavior impairments, deficits in language and social interactions

69
Q

true or false: people with asd have gastrointestibnal probles

A

yeah
altered GI mobility and increased gut permeabilityy

70
Q

Gut microbial dysbiosis is often observed in individuals with….

A

ASD

71
Q

Large epidemiological studies linked maternal infection to increased

A

autism risk in the kid

72
Q

WHAT is maternal immune activation

A

-mouse model: Pregnant females are treated with poly(I:C) to mimic viral infection.
-resulted in TLR3 activation and inflammation.
-offspring showed some symptoms of ASD (increased gut permeability and behavior impairments

73
Q

MIA offspring had lower levels of …..

A

bacteroides fragilis

74
Q

True or false: Feeding B. fragilis to the mice induced ASD symptoms

A

false it reversed the symptoms

75
Q

MIA offspring also displayed an altered profile of serum

A

MIA offspring also displayed an altered
profile of serum metabolites with
increased levels of the metabolite 4-
ethylphenylsulfate (4EPS).

76
Q

true or false: injection of 4EPS into normal mice caused the same behavioral problems

A

true

77
Q

4eps is most likely a … metabolite since gf mice don’t produce it

A

bacterial

78
Q

ü 4EPS is related to p-cresol, a tyrosine …

A

metabolite found in urine of children
with ASD.

79
Q

Maternal high-fat diet (MHFD)
induces…..

A

behavioral alretarions inb kids

80
Q

MHFD causes alterations in….

A

in gut microbiota, reduction of oxytocin production, and deficient
synaptic plasticity

81
Q

ü Presence of Lactobacillus reuteri
was reduced by …fold in the
MHFD offspring gut microbiota

A

> 9

82
Q

L. reuteri treatment restores
oxytocin levels,… and ….

A

synaptic plasticity and social behaviors

83
Q

name types of IBD in their respective spots

A

ü Crohn’s disease (mainly ileum).
ü Ulcerative colitis (colon).
ü Multifactorial diseases, with known
genetic component (NOD2)

84
Q

what are the changes in microbiota composition in ibd

A

increase Bacteroides, adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), Helicobacter hepaticus,

85
Q

Overall a decrease in gut microbial diversity and an …… in the
numbers of pathobionts are observed

A

increase

86
Q

true or false: IL-10-/- SPF mice are susceptible to IBD ad why

A

true
Susceptible germ-free IL-10-/- mice do not develop IBD

87
Q

true or false: Susceptible IL-10-/- mice that lack TLRs or MYD88 do not develop IBD

A

true

88
Q

what is important for the devlopment of tbd

A

Recognition of commensal bacteria by the innate immune system

89
Q

what is: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

A

-butyrate-producing Gram-positive
bacterium part of the Bacillota phylum

90
Q

whichis: One of the most abundant bacterium in the human gut microbiota representing up to 5% of the total bacterial population

A

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

91
Q

Oral administration of live F. prausnitzii or culture supernatants …. the severity of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice

A

reduced

92
Q

what could be used as a probiotic to prevent IB?

A

Together with Bacteroides fragilis and other butyrate-producing bacteria, F.
prausnitzii

93
Q

Probiotic colonization is ….c

A

site-specific

94
Q

Probiotics colonization is …

A

person-specific`

95
Q

Probiotic colonization is predictable by…..

A

host features (pathways associated with anti-bacterial defense, antigen presentation, etc

96
Q

which is the second mpst common cancer

A

colorectal

97
Q

Specific species of the gut microbiota have been linked to CRC:

A
  • Streptococcus gallolyticus
  • Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis.
  • Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli.
  • Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn).
98
Q

Fn is…. detected in stool. However, it is ….. in colorectal cancer tissues

A

rarely and abundant

99
Q

what does fn do

A

ü Fn adheres to and invades intestinal cells through its FadA surface adhesin.
ü FadA binds to the EC5 domain of E-cadherin and activates β-catenin signaling.

100
Q

what does fada do.

A

ü Fn adheres to and invades intestinal cells through its FadA surface adhesin.
ü FadA binds to the EC5 domain of E-cadherin and activates β-catenin signaling

101
Q

what does fap2 adhesin do

A

ü Fn adheres to and invades intestinal cells through its FadA surface adhesin.
ü FadA binds to the EC5 domain of E-cadherin and activates β-catenin signaling

102
Q
A
103
Q
A
104
Q

true or falce: ü Gal-GalNAc is highly expressed in adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but not in normal tissues.

A

true: This explains the abundance of F.
nucleatum in malignant tissues

105
Q

ü Fn was abundant in CRC tissues in
patients with…..

A

recurrence post chemotherapy

106
Q

true or false: fn decreased crc resistance tio chemi

A

false: it promoted

107
Q

Fn …. the autophagy
pathway in a TLR4-dependent
manner and, in turn, ….
chemotherapy-induced apoptosis

A

Fn activated the autophagy
pathway in a TLR4-dependent
manner and, in turn, inhibited
chemotherapy-induced apoptosis

108
Q
A

mimm 465 (6 decks)

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