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IR Theory > Lecture 3 Liberalism > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

Timeframe

A

1980s-1990s

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2
Q

Level of analysis

A

2nd image domestic - focus on domestic institutions and regimes

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3
Q

Liberalism as a theory

A

Social scientific theory
Argues that society-state relations are important for IR

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4
Q

Main thinkers

A

Erasmus, Kant, Locke, Bentham, Keohane, Ikenberry, Russett, Doyle, Moravesik

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5
Q

Locke

A

Constitutionalism, authority from below, human nature is good

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6
Q

Kant

A

Individualism, federation

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7
Q

Bentham

A

Individuals motivated by self interest to achieve happiness and can decide what is best for them without gov

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8
Q

Doyle

A

Treat others as ethical objects with freedoms, representation and participation.

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9
Q

Assumption 1 Human nature

A

Positive view of human nature. Humans can learn from history and progress

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10
Q

Assumption 2 Harmony

A

There can be conflict but harmony is possible. Reject the view that conflict is natural relation among states.

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11
Q

Assumption 3 Change

A

Progressive change is possible. Increased material prosperity through market liberalization. Abolition of slave trade. End of cold war.

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12
Q

Assumption 4 Actors

A

Pluralism of actors - states are not the only actors

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13
Q

Methodological individualism

A

Individuals are central to any political theory or social explanation

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14
Q

Ethical individualism

A

Priority given to individual’s rights

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15
Q

Assumption 5 Liberal inter order

A

Liberal international order - open, rules-based, progressive

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16
Q

Assumption 6 Cooperation

A

Cooperation is central feature of all human relations. Keohane - hegemony doesn’t lead to cooperation

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17
Q

Assumption 7 Economy

A

Economic trade and financial agenda is more important than military factor. Economic interdependence brings peace, war is less likely.

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18
Q

Assumption 8 IL

A

Legal-formal aspects of IR such as international law

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19
Q

Assumption 9 Security

A

Collective security

20
Q

Assumption 10 World politics

A

World politics is an interdependent global society with international institutions facilitating cooperation. Liberalism stresses that I terms like ideas, institutions, ideologies, interdependence matter.

21
Q

Economic liberalism

A

Economic growth, market driven. Expansion in international economy makes war costly

22
Q

Regulatory liberalism

A

International laws contribute to peaceful settlements of disputes among states and enhance global cooperation.

23
Q

Social liberalism

A

Interactions between societies that are non-profit like exchane of students

24
Q

Democratic liberalism

A

Spread of dem pol system make it hard to start war

25
Q

Idealism

A

Spread of democracy as best way to avoid war.
Peace is constructed
Inter order should be constructed and led by inter org.
Idealism doesn’t defend a natural harmony between states.
About morals and ideas

26
Q

Liberal internationalism

A

Relevance of economic interdependence and prosperity as major tools for discouraging states from using force against each other
Capitalist system found in 16th cen.
Human society can be based on natural order. Law-governed inter society can emerge without gov

27
Q

Complex interdependence theory

A

Keohane and Nye. Multiple channels connect societies. Cooperation can be achieved by reciprocal behavior of states. Interdependence is always asymmetric. Power is possessed by the state which is less dependent on others.
Features - states are not most important and independent, many channels, no use of military,
Interdependence - a reciprocal relationship between independent entities. Shared problems leads to interdependence and cooperation.

28
Q

Democratic peace theory

A

Russett. Inspired by Kant. Democracies never go to war with other democracies since 1816. The more democratic states the more peace. Domestic structures/public will resist the launch, peaceful conflict resolution in democracies, controlled by citizens, hold common values which lead to “zone of peace”, strengthened by economic cooperation.
Criticism - not too many wars and democracies to prove this, during the cold war democracies united against non-democracies due to external threat, Democratizing is aggressive too, democracies can also fight.

29
Q

Liberal institutionalism

A

Anarchy can be overcome by promotion of long-term state interests such as security through the use of international institutions.
UN made but this time with the sense that the most powerful states would be essential for its survival.
Transnational cooperation could resolve common problems

30
Q

Conclusion

A

Great potential for human progress. Global approach. World politics as an independent global society with inter institutions
Decolonization, increase of complex mutual interdependency, power of NGOs and inter institutions, spread of democracy, globalization.

31
Q

Criticism

A

Naive, cultural imperialism, injustice, conflicts.

32
Q

Neoliberal thinkers

A

Doyle, Nye, Keohane, Ikenberry, Russett

33
Q

Doyle

A

Treat others as ethical objects
4 institutions: judicial equality, private property rights, representative govs, eco shaped by demand and supply

34
Q

Keohane

A

Peace is possible but states need help. Depends on other factors than material power

35
Q

2nd decade of the 70s

A

Challenges for IR - proxy conflicts between superpowers, conflict in Middle East, energy crises.

36
Q

Neoliberalism Assumption 1 Actors

A

States are key actors but not the only significant ones

37
Q

Neoliberalism Assumption 2 States

A

States are rational and want to maximise their interests. Want to maximse their absolute gains through cooperation

38
Q

Neoliberalism Assumption 3 Cooperation

A

Accounts for the process of achieving cooperation under anarchy

39
Q

Neoliberalism Assumption 4 Gains

A

States are concerned with economic gains

40
Q

Neoliberalism Assumption 5 Cooperation

A

States cooperate under inter institutions with the goal of avoiding market failure

41
Q

Neoliberalism Assumption 6 Inter institutions

A

Inter institutions provide arena for cooperation - help identify issues, expectations, negotiate, enhance importance of reputation. States are willing to cooperate if the behavior is reciprocated

42
Q

Realism and Institutionalism similarities

A

States are main actors, they are rational, they seek security and material gains, anarchy is the main obstacle for cooperation

43
Q

Neorealism and Institutionalism similarities

A

States are dominant actors, they are rational, structural theory of IR
BUT - institutionalism has different conclusions - interdependence allows cooperation

44
Q

International regimes concept

A

Krasner. Set of norms around which expectations converge. Apply to a concrete issue area. Regime can change over time. They vary in terms of strength, organization. All states should share the main ideas about their regimes, if one doesn’t respect the regime it fails to succeed. Regime facilitate cooperation but it can take place in the absence of established regimes. Must be distinguished from broader concept of institutions, order and stability.

45
Q

Neorealism, institutionalism, idealism differences

A

N - Democracies don’t fight each other coz they are geographically separated and have common enemies. Military alliance preserve peace, domestic policy is not important.
I - Democracies don’t fight coz leaders are held back by public opinion, trade creates mutual gains
Id - Democracies don’t fight coz they believe in norms of non-violent conflict resolution and perceive other democracies as friends. Peace is the result of norms

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