Lecture 3 Intuition, Reflection & Self-control Flashcards

1
Q

Herbert Simon

A

came up with concept of bounded rationality and satisficing

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2
Q

dual process model

A

combines decision making and cognitive psychology and consists of 2 systems.

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3
Q

system 1

A

automatic, fast and builds on what is experienced. impulse; what is needed now, not in the long term.

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4
Q

system 2

A

slow and controlled. limited by working memory. reflective; not just reacting but thinking, analytic; uses the information in front of you, uses probability and is inhibitory.

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5
Q

two ways of interaction in the dual process theory

A
  • default-interventionist models
  • parallel-competitive models

both models assume only one of the two systems is used

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6
Q

default-interventionist models

A

start out with an intuitive response tendency (1) that can be surpressed or over-ridden by a later response (2)
system 2 checks system 1 before exhibiting behavior.

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7
Q

parallel-competitive models

A

system 1 and 2 operate in a parallel tug of war. doesn’t require system 1 to be first

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8
Q

applications of the dual-process theories

A
  • attitude and persuasion: ELM
  • Judgement and decision making: intuitive-reflective & experiential analytic
  • consumer behavior: reflective-impulsive & Hot-cool
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9
Q

ELM (elaboration likelihood model)

A

central and peripheral routes to persuasion

Petty & Cacioppo

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10
Q

judgement and decision making

A

intuition is biases, initial answer to question is given by system 1 and system 2 can override it and you may get a different answer
training matters. using system 2 a lot can make it intuitive
building habits that are based on initial effortful thinking can become intuitive

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11
Q

consumer behavior

A

how much impulse purchases you make compared to thinking about it. system 1 leads to impulsive, immediate gratification, whereas system 2 leads to long-term focused delay of gratifications.

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12
Q

reflective-impulsive model (Strack et al., 2006)

A

we have impulses and reflection.
both impulses and reflection operate parallel, but we are more likely to use reflection if the decision is important and/or we will be held accountable.

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13
Q

impulses

A
  • activated by cues in our environment
  • affective component
  • behavioral component
  • immediate, local
  • sometimes unconscious
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14
Q

reflection

A
  • integrate multiple sources of information
  • reason = consider long-term goals, price etc.
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15
Q

where do impulses come from

A
  • some things are inherently satisfying
  • evaluative conditioning: associating products with something positive
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16
Q

factors that influence what system is used

A
  • time pressure
  • cognitive load
  • stakes
  • habits
  • expertise

expertise: you want flight staff to intuitively know what to do in an emergency, not have to think about it

17
Q

FIRE-framework

A

When it makes sense to rely on intuition
- Fast; urgent, life threatening
- irrelevant; low stakes
- repetitive; habitual
- evolutionairy; intuition fits with how we evolved

18
Q

ecological rationality

A

there is not one universal way to be rational, depends on the context.
- recognition heuristics
- self control

proposed by gerd Gigerenzer and colleagues

19
Q

recognition heuristics

A

if you recognize only one thing you might answer the question correctly
-> novices were better at predicting tennis matches than experts, because they only recognized a few players.
-> this does not always work (europe vs north-america example)

20
Q

self-control

A

the capacity to override or inhibit undesired behavioral tendencies and to refrain from acting on them. we use this to achieve long-term goals.

Tagney et al., 2004

21
Q

old view on self-control

A

resource model

22
Q

resource model

A

said that exerting seld-control depletes some internal resource, which makes us unable to exert it after doing so a lot.
acts as a muscle that becomes stronger with us.
but this is not supported

self-control as glucose

Hagger et al., 2016 & Vohs et al., 2021

23
Q

new view on self-control

A

motivational account

24
Q

motivational account

A

states that we constantly balance want-to with have-to.
We don’t run out of self-control, but after doing it for long we don’t want to anymore.
self-control is sometimes difficult to exert, but doesn’t run out

25
beliefs on self-control
how you think about self-control can impact your self-control. if you think you can keep exerting self-control, you can.
26
Hogmann et al., (2015)
study on self-control in everyday life. from this data they came up with a model -> acting on the impulse is positively correlated with the desire strength. ## Footnote conflict was highest for leisure and sleep. media use is the thing people gave into the most
27
intertemporal choice strategies
we have strategies to not give in to our impulses and reach our long-term goals
28
eye tracking on intertemporal strategies
less patient people looked at the reward and the time equally and more patient people looked at the reward more.
29
self-control strategies
- goal oriented tactics: make goal pursuit earlier - temptation-oriented tactics: avoid temptation - precommitment people high in self-control don't resist temptations, they avoid them
30
intuition
judgements and decision are often influenced/biased by things that come to mind intuitively. this has to do with the limited capacity of our working memory.
31
associative coherence
concepts, memories etc. are connected at different strengths. (usually a small effect) - framing effect - halo effect | intuition ## Footnote example of first naming farm animal
32
priming
we have biases and shortcuts, but minor associations have a minor impact on behavior. we have free will and are not constantly being pushed around. | intuition
33
attribute substitution
people sometimes substitute a difficult decision with a similar one that is easier to answer. | intuition
34
processing fluency
we tend to take the easy route, because of limited cognitive capacities. | intuition
35
things that influence processing fluency
- present first - create defaults - make big - make salient - repetition/familiarity
36
individual differences in thinking styles
everyone has the two systems, but use them different.
37
cognitive reflection test (CRT)
questions that have an intuitive but wrong response. to respond correctly people have to reflect and override the intuitive response.
38
cognitive reflection
Toplak et al., 2014 tested 15 heuristics and cognitive reflection predicts reliance on heuristics And on paranormal, conspiracy beliefs (Yel uz et al., 2022).