Lecture 3 Intuition, Reflection & Self-control

Question 1

Herbert Simon

Answer 1

came up with concept of bounded rationality and satisficing

Question 2

dual process model

Answer 2

combines decision making and cognitive psychology and consists of 2 systems.

Question 3

system 1

Answer 3

automatic, fast and builds on what is experienced. impulse; what is needed now, not in the long term.

Question 4

system 2

Answer 4

slow and controlled. limited by working memory. reflective; not just reacting but thinking, analytic; uses the information in front of you, uses probability and is inhibitory.

Question 5

two ways of interaction in the dual process theory

Answer 5

• default-interventionist models
• parallel-competitive models

both models assume only one of the two systems is used

Question 6

default-interventionist models

Answer 6

start out with an intuitive response tendency (1) that can be surpressed or over-ridden by a later response (2)
system 2 checks system 1 before exhibiting behavior.

Question 7

parallel-competitive models

Answer 7

system 1 and 2 operate in a parallel tug of war. doesn’t require system 1 to be first

Question 8

applications of the dual-process theories

Answer 8

• attitude and persuasion: ELM
• Judgement and decision making: intuitive-reflective & experiential analytic
• consumer behavior: reflective-impulsive & Hot-cool

Question 9

ELM (elaboration likelihood model)

Answer 9

central and peripheral routes to persuasion

Petty & Cacioppo

Question 10

judgement and decision making

Answer 10

intuition is biases, initial answer to question is given by system 1 and system 2 can override it and you may get a different answer
training matters. using system 2 a lot can make it intuitive
building habits that are based on initial effortful thinking can become intuitive

Question 11

consumer behavior

Answer 11

how much impulse purchases you make compared to thinking about it. system 1 leads to impulsive, immediate gratification, whereas system 2 leads to long-term focused delay of gratifications.

Question 12

reflective-impulsive model (Strack et al., 2006)

Answer 12

we have impulses and reflection.
both impulses and reflection operate parallel, but we are more likely to use reflection if the decision is important and/or we will be held accountable.

Question 13

impulses

Answer 13

• activated by cues in our environment
• affective component
• behavioral component
• immediate, local
• sometimes unconscious

Question 14

reflection

Answer 14

• integrate multiple sources of information
• reason = consider long-term goals, price etc.

Question 15

where do impulses come from

Answer 15

• some things are inherently satisfying
• evaluative conditioning: associating products with something positive

Question 16

factors that influence what system is used

Answer 16

• time pressure
• cognitive load
• stakes
• habits
• expertise

expertise: you want flight staff to intuitively know what to do in an emergency, not have to think about it

Question 17

FIRE-framework

Answer 17

When it makes sense to rely on intuition
- Fast; urgent, life threatening
- irrelevant; low stakes
- repetitive; habitual
- evolutionairy; intuition fits with how we evolved

Question 18

ecological rationality

Answer 18

there is not one universal way to be rational, depends on the context.
- recognition heuristics
- self control

proposed by gerd Gigerenzer and colleagues

Question 19

recognition heuristics

Answer 19

if you recognize only one thing you might answer the question correctly
-> novices were better at predicting tennis matches than experts, because they only recognized a few players.
-> this does not always work (europe vs north-america example)

Question 20

self-control

Answer 20

the capacity to override or inhibit undesired behavioral tendencies and to refrain from acting on them. we use this to achieve long-term goals.

Tagney et al., 2004

Question 21

old view on self-control

Answer 21

resource model

Question 22

resource model

Answer 22

said that exerting seld-control depletes some internal resource, which makes us unable to exert it after doing so a lot.
acts as a muscle that becomes stronger with us.
but this is not supported

self-control as glucose

Hagger et al., 2016 & Vohs et al., 2021

Question 23

new view on self-control

Answer 23

motivational account

Question 24

motivational account

Answer 24

states that we constantly balance want-to with have-to.
We don’t run out of self-control, but after doing it for long we don’t want to anymore.
self-control is sometimes difficult to exert, but doesn’t run out

Question 25

beliefs on self-control

Answer 25

how you think about self-control can impact your self-control.
if you think you can keep exerting self-control, you can.

Question 26

Hogmann et al., (2015)

Answer 26

study on self-control in everyday life.
from this data they came up with a model
-> acting on the impulse is positively correlated with the desire strength.

conflict was highest for leisure and sleep. media use is the thing people gave into the most

Question 27

intertemporal choice strategies

Answer 27

we have strategies to not give in to our impulses and reach our long-term goals

Question 28

eye tracking on intertemporal strategies

Answer 28

less patient people looked at the reward and the time equally and more patient people looked at the reward more.

Question 29

self-control strategies

Answer 29

• goal oriented tactics: make goal pursuit earlier
• temptation-oriented tactics: avoid temptation
• precommitment

people high in self-control don’t resist temptations, they avoid them

Question 30

intuition

Answer 30

judgements and decision are often influenced/biased by things that come to mind intuitively. this has to do with the limited capacity of our working memory.

Question 31

associative coherence

Answer 31

concepts, memories etc. are connected at different strengths. (usually a small effect)
- framing effect
- halo effect

intuition

example of first naming farm animal

Question 32

priming

Answer 32

we have biases and shortcuts, but minor associations have a minor impact on behavior.

we have free will and are not constantly being pushed around.

intuition

Question 33

attribute substitution

Answer 33

people sometimes substitute a difficult decision with a similar one that is easier to answer.

intuition

Question 34

processing fluency

Answer 34

we tend to take the easy route, because of limited cognitive capacities.

intuition

Question 35

things that influence processing fluency

Answer 35

• present first
• create defaults
• make big
• make salient
• repetition/familiarity

Question 36

individual differences in thinking styles

Answer 36

everyone has the two systems, but use them different.

Question 37

cognitive reflection test (CRT)

Answer 37

questions that have an intuitive but wrong response. to respond correctly people have to reflect and override the intuitive response.

Question 38

cognitive reflection

Answer 38

Toplak et al., 2014 tested 15 heuristics and cognitive reflection predicts reliance on heuristics
And on paranormal, conspiracy beliefs (Yel uz et al., 2022).