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Plant Diversity and Reproduction > Lecture 3: Ferns and Gymnosperms > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Ferns and Gymnosperms Flashcards

1
Q

What does homospory mean?

A

produces only one type of spore (eg. microspore or megaspore)

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2
Q

What does heterospory mean?

A

produces both types of spores (male and female)

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3
Q

Are ferns vascular?

A

yes

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4
Q

Describe the characteristics of ferns

A
  • typically shade loving
  • grow in damp areas
  • homosporous (like bryophytes)
  • fern plant is a sporophyte unlike bryophytes
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5
Q

How do bryophytes and fern differ?

A

both of their gametophyte and sprophytes are free living

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6
Q

How do the bryophytes and fern similar?

A
  • they have a free living gametophyte phase

- flagellate sperm

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7
Q

true or false; ferns are often epiphytes growing on trunks and branches of trees

A

true

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8
Q

true or false; ferns can also be tree like themselves?

A

true

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9
Q

true or false; ferns have well- developed vascular tissues for nutrient and water transport within the plant?

A

true

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10
Q

What is the fern stem like?

A

like a rhizome

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11
Q

Where are the sporangia of fern produced from?

A

from clusters called sori

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12
Q

Where are sori located

A

on the underside of the leaf or frond; may either be exposed or covered by a flap called indusium

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13
Q

What is the shape of a typical sporangia

A

club shaped; the walls show different patterns of thickening

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14
Q

What conditions are required for the germination of spores?

A

warm, moist conditions

  • to give rise to gametophytes which develops into prothallus
  • since there is only one type of spore; there are no separate male and female gametophyte
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15
Q

What is the prothallus (n)

A
  • typically heart shaped

- example of a free living gametophyte; the equivalent of a bryophyte plant

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16
Q

What is produced by the prothallus

A
  • male and female gametes
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17
Q

Where is the antheridia located in the prothallus

A

by the rhizoids

- produced first

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18
Q

Where is the archegonia located in the prothallus

A

by the notch

- produced later

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19
Q

What kind of sperm do ferns have

A

mulitflagellate

- shed into water so that they can swim from the antheridium to archegonium ( a link back to aquatic plants)

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20
Q

Which, bryophyte or fern has the less developed archegonia?

A

fern

21
Q

When does the gametophyte of a fern disintegrate?

A

when the sporophyte is rooted to the ground

22
Q

What does gymnosperm mean?

A
  • first seed; naked seeds
23
Q

What are the typical gymnosperms?

A

forest trees

24
Q

What are gymnosperm leaves like?

A

needle like

25
Q

What are cones and what are they for?

A

modified shoots

- for spore production

26
Q

give examples of gymnosperms

A

yew, juniper, pine

27
Q

How long does it take for pine to grow?

A

2 years

28
Q

What are the 5 key points of the life cycle of a gymnosperm

A

1.) long duration
2.) heterosporous = 2 sizes of spores (with male and female cones)
3.) cones are modified branches with leaves reduced to leathery scales
4.) gametophytes are greatly reduced but more highly developed than angiosperm ones
5.) seeds produced but not in enclosed structure
; gymnosperms are the first seed plants

29
Q

Where are the male cones of gymnosperms usually located

A

on lower branch

30
Q

What is the pollen equivalent to in bryophtyes and ferns

A
  • bryophyte plant

- fern: prothallus

31
Q

What are cone scales called?

A

sporophyll

- the microsporangia are located on the underside of the scale

32
Q

What do microsporangia produce?

A

micropores via meiosis

33
Q

Which gender of cones is larger? male or female?

A

female

34
Q

Where are female cones of a gymnosperm usually located

A

higher branch

35
Q

What to female cones have?

A

megasporangium

36
Q

true or false; the megasporangium are born in pairs on the upper surface of a female cone?

A

true

37
Q

What is the megasporangium surrounded by?

A

integument

38
Q

What does the megasporocyte undergo; and how many megaspores does it produce?

A
  • 4 megaspores

- undergoes meiosis

39
Q

What do the megaspores develop into?

A

a female gametophyte ( two months later 2 or 3 archegonia develop at the micropylar end)

40
Q

What catches the pollen grain

A

pollination droplet; which is produced by the female megagametophyte; floats in this; as it dries it is drawn to the nucellus by the pollen tube; where it germinates

41
Q

how many cells does pollen have?

A

4

42
Q

what is another major group of gymnosperms?

A

cyads
- typically have solid, well developed trunks and palm like leaves
- have cones and massive seeds
- flagellate sperm
Gingko
- only one living species, often called living fossil as it is more or less identical to fossilized remains that are 150 million years old

43
Q

When does the pollen tube grow, and where from?

A
  • grows from the endosoric microgametophyte; when it has enough nutrients; when it has reached the megasporangia
44
Q

What does the megaspore give rise to?

A

megaspore is retained within the megasporangium; it gives rise to megagametophyte

45
Q

What does the ovule mature into

A

seed

46
Q

What is a seed

A

matured ovule; containing an embryo

47
Q

What does the integument become after fertilization

A

seed coat

48
Q

Define germination

A

resumption of growth; of seed, spore, bud or other structure

Plant Diversity and Reproduction (7 decks)

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