Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pharmacy 1 - Term 1 > Lecture 3 - Eye and Eyelid Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Eye and Eyelid Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Glands of Moll?

A

Modified sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the Glands of Zeiss?

A

Modified sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Meibomian glands?

A

Modified sebaceous glands that produce the lipid layer of the tear film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the eyelid?

A
  • Protect the anterior surface of the eye
  • Regulate light reaching the eye
  • Aids in tear flow through pumping action on the conjunctival and lacrimal sacs
  • Helps w/ distribution and elimination of tears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A
  • Thin, transparent mucous membrane

- Covers inner surface of eyelids and anterior surface of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main function of the conjunctiva?

A

Prevent the eye from drying by secreting a moisturizing mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some common eyelid conditions?

A
  • Hordeolum (stye)
  • Chalazion
  • Blepharitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause conjunctivitis?

A
  • Acute bacterial
  • Hyperacute bacterial
  • Chronic
  • Viral
  • Seasonal allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are general red flags for eye disorders (when to refer)?

A
  • Blunt trauma
  • Foreign particles trapped/embedded in eye
  • Ocular abrasion
  • Eye exposure to chemicals or fumes
  • Thermal injury (Welder’s eye or snow blindness)
  • Blurred vision (not due to ocular ointments)
  • Refer if vision is impaired whatsoever
  • Pain (not discomfort)
  • Photophobia
  • Redness around cornea
  • Abnormal pupil
  • Condition lasting more than 48 hrs (some exceptions)
  • Contant lens wearers w/ conjunctivitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the treatment goals for an eye infection?

A
  • Cure
  • Prevent transmission
  • Prevent reoccurence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the treatment goals for dry eye?

A
  • Manage symptoms
  • Prevent complications
  • Identify any exacerbating factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a hordeolum?

A
  • External or internal
  • Acute, localized infection involving either the glands of Zeis or Moll or the Meibomian glands of the eyelid
  • Most common infecting organism is Staph Aureus
  • Results in formation of small cyst or abscess
  • Unilateral, localized lid swelling, tenderness & erythema
  • Often associated w/ blepharitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of an external hordeolum?

A
  • Smaller and more superficial cyst or abscess

- Lesion points toward the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the treatment for an external hordeolum?

A
  • Warm compresses for 10-15 minutes 3-4 times/day
  • Should drain on its own w/in 48 hours
  • OTC antibiotic ophthalmic ointment may be applied 3-4 times daily but is not required and not generally recommended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When would you refer an external hordeolum?

A

Doesn’t drain w/in 48 hours, then may require Rx oral or topical antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of an internal hordeolum?

A
  • Involves meibomian glands
  • Usually larger and more discomfort than external
  • Lesion can point either to skin or conjunctiva
  • Often resolves w/in 1-2 weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for an internal hordeolum?

A

Warm compresses for 5-10 minutes several times/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When should you refer for an internal hordeolum?

A
  • If not resolved in 1 week
  • If causing pain or impairing vision
  • If not resolved then it may not drain on its own and may require an incision and Rx ophthalmic ointment (bacitracin or erythromycin)
  • If infection, severe oral antibiotics may be needed (erythromycin, cloxacillin, tetracycline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can you prevent a hordeolum?

A
  • Wash hands before and after contact w/ infected eye
  • Avoid touching eyes
  • Change towels and compresses after each use
  • Proper use of eye drops; clean tip after use
  • Avoid use of eye cosmetics during infection (will have to throw away any eye cosmetics that were used prior to diagnosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pathophysiology of chalazion?

A
  • Inflammation of meibomian glands (deep chalazion) or Zeis sebaceous glands (superficial chalazion)
  • Not an infection but inflammation of area
  • Generally chronic
  • Nodule develops over a period of weeks (not acute)
  • Lesion usually points towards conjunctival surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who is more likely to get chalazion?

A

People w/ blepharitis, acne rosacea, or seborrheic dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for chalazion?

A
  • Warm compresses 10-15 minutes 3-4 times/day
  • Eyelid massage
  • Often resolve spontaneously w/in a few days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When should you refer a chalazion?

A
  • No improvement w/in 48 hours of initiating treatment

- Immediate referral if painful or visual impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can be done to prevent recurrence of chalazion?

A

Regular lid hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the pathophysiology of blepharitis?

A
  • Chronic inflammation of eyelids
  • Usually bilateral
  • Often associated w/ chronic dermatological conditions (acne rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis)
  • Long term damage may include physical damage to eyelids and cornea, scarring, vision impairment, or corneal perforation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is blepharitis contagious?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the symptoms of blepharitis?

A
  • Red, swollen, itchy lid
  • Eyes red and watery
  • Landmark sign - scaly eyelid
  • Sandy/gritty sensation in eye; worse upon awakening
  • Loss of eyelashes
  • Symptoms can be unilateral or bilateral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the Rx treatment for blepharitis?

A
  • Antibacterial ointments over drops b/c of increased contact time
  • Short-term treatment w/ corticosteroids or corticosteroid/antibacterial combinations
  • Oral antibiotic treatment may be required
29
Q

When should you refer for blepharitis?

A

Initial diagnosis or exacerbations b/c usually a chronic problem

30
Q

What are some non-Rx treatments for blepharitis?

A
  • Regular and long-term eyelid margin hygiene (recommended 1-2 times/day)
  • Warm compresses for 10-15 minutes
  • Gentle scrubbing of lid margin
31
Q

What is the pathophysiology of conjunctivitis?

A
  • Any inflammatory condition of the conjunctiva
  • Inflammation can be hyperacute, acute, or chronic
  • Caused by viral/bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants, or dryness
32
Q

What is commonly referred to as pink eye?

A

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

33
Q

Is acute bacterial conjunctivitis contagious?

A

Highly contagious

34
Q

When should you refer acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Children

- Contact lens wearers

35
Q

What are the symptoms of acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Acute onset
  • Usually unilateral
  • Mild to moderate foreign body sensation
  • Minimal or no itching
  • Generalized redness
  • Purulent (creamy white or pale yellow) discharge
  • Eyelids stick together on awakening; crusting on eyelids
36
Q

What is the treatment for adults w/ acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Mild - Polysporin drops 4-6 times/day or polymyxin B/gramicidin eye ointment to lower lid 4 times/day for 7-10 days
  • Treatment should continue for 2 days after symptoms have resolved
  • Warm and wet compresses applied in the morning
  • Irrigation of conjunctival sac to remove secretions
37
Q

When should you refer acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • If no improvement w/in 48 hours

- Symptoms worsen

38
Q

What are common Rx treatments for acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Sufacetamide sodium
  • Trimethoprim/polymyxin (Polytrim)
  • Erythromycin ointment
39
Q

What is hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Most common in neonates and/or sexually active adolescents and young adults (15-24)
  • Severe and sight threatening
  • Caused by N gonorrhea or N meningtidis
40
Q

When should you refer for hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Always

41
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Copious yellow/green, purulent discharge
  • Redness
  • Irritation
  • Tenderness
42
Q

What is chronic bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Condition lasting over 4 weeks

- Often associated w/ blepharitis, rosacea, facial seborrhea, or nasolacrimal duct obstruction

43
Q

When should you refer for chronic bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Always for topical or oral antibiotics

44
Q

What are some non-pharms for chronic bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Similar to blepharitis
  • Warm compresses
  • Lid scrubs
  • Avoid contaminated products
45
Q

Is viral conjunctivitis contagious?

A

Highly contagious

46
Q

Is viral conjunctivitis unilateral or bilateral?

A

Often starts unilateral and then can become bilateral

47
Q

What is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A
  • Adenovirus

- Herpes simplex/zoster can also be the cause

48
Q

Viral conjunctivitis often occurs in _____ epidemics

A

Community

49
Q

Viral conjunctivitis can last from _ to __ weeks

A

2 to 4

50
Q

What are the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

A
  • Acute red eye
  • Conjunctival swelling
  • Soreness or mild pain
  • Minimal or no itching
  • Profuse watery, clear discharge
  • Upper respiratory tract infection may be present
51
Q

What is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis?

A
  • All patients should be referred!
  • Cold compresses, ocular lubricants
  • If HSV then topical or oral antivirals usually prescribed
  • Avoid direct contact w/ others for at least 14 days after onset of symptoms
52
Q

What is the most common type of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (hay fever)

53
Q

What is the cause of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Allergens such as ragweed, grass pollen, animal dander, etc.

54
Q

What are the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?

A
  • Normally bilateral
  • Severe ocular itching
  • Minimal redness
  • Tearing
  • No sign of infection
55
Q

What is the pathophysiology of dry eye?

A
  • Two major classifications - aqueous tear-deficient dry eye or evaporative dry eye
  • Can lead to eyes drying out and becoming inflamed
  • Can cause damage to ocular surface, scarring, or reduced vision
56
Q

What are severe forms of dry eye referred to as?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

57
Q

What are risk factors for dry eye?

A
  • Environmental (low humidity, high temp., air pollution)
  • Occupation (air travel, computer use)
  • Age
  • Hormonal changes (post-menopausal, pregnant women)
  • Contact lens wearers
  • Medical conditions (RA, Sjogrens syndrome)
  • Ocular disease (blepharitis, allergic conjunctivitis, infection)
  • Medications (anticholinergics, beta-blockers, diuretics)
58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of dry eye?

A
  • Redness, dryness
  • Itchiness or scratchiness
  • Burning or stinging
  • Excessive tearing
  • General discomfort
  • Grittiness
  • Blurred vision
59
Q

What are the treatment goals for dry eye?

A
  • Manage symptoms (no cure)
  • Prevent complications
  • Determine severity of situation
  • Rule out other ocular complications
60
Q

What are some non-pharms for dry eye?

A
  • Environmental changes
  • Use humidifier
  • Avoid prolonged viewing of computer screens or video games
  • Avoid windy outdoor environments w/o eye protection
  • Cool, moist compresses placed over closed eyelids for short-term relief
61
Q

What are some non-Rx treatments for dry eye?

A

Ocular lubricants - artificial tears or lubricating ointments and gels at night

62
Q

When should you refer for dry eye?

A

If symptoms don’t resolve w/in 3-5 days or if they worsen

63
Q

What are characteristics of an ideal artificial tear?

A
  • Lubricates ocular surface well
  • High retention time (caused by higher viscosity)
  • No preservative for max. patient comfort
  • Contains essential minerals and electrolytes to maintain good corneal health
64
Q

What is the most common preservative in artificial tear products?

A

Benzalkonium chloride, but known to be toxic to corneal epithelium so should be avoided in moderate to severe dry eye

65
Q

What are the most common ingredients in lubricating ocular ointments?

A

Petrolatum, mineral oil, and lanolin

66
Q

What should be considered when recommending a product for dry eye?

A
  • Severity of condition
  • Frequency of use
  • Is the patient using other ocular medications?
  • Does the patient wear contact lenses?
67
Q

What are the monitoring parameters for dry eye?

A

Expected improvement w/in 3-5 days

68
Q

What are some counselling tips for patients w/ eye disorders?

A
  • Wash hands before and after touching eye
  • Clean eye before applying medication
  • Wait 3-5 min btwn drops of same medication
  • Wait 5-10 mins btwn drops of different medications (suspensions should be instilled last)
  • Dispose unused multidose product after 28 days
  • Don’t use eye patch unless instructed by optometrist
  • Non-pharms are paramount in eye disorders

Clinical Pharmacy 1 - Term 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions