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Histology: Exam 3 > Lecture 3: Digestive III > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Digestive III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

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2
Q

What makes up the CT in the liver (3)?

A
  • Glisson capsule (dense CT)
  • Reticular fibers (type III collagen fibers) = perisinusoidal space and around the central vein
  • Fibroblasts and Type I collagen = around the portal triads
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3
Q

What makes up the vascular system of the liver (5)?

A
  • Portal vein
  • Hepatic vein
  • Interlobular vessels in triads
  • Sinusoids
  • Central vein

portal vein → hepatic vein → interlobular vessels → sinuses → central vein

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4
Q

What is the function of the portal vein? What percentage of blood does it bring?

A
  • Brings deoxygenated blood from the intestines, pancreas, and spleen to the liver
  • 75% of blood

Large lumen with thin wall

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5
Q

What is the function of the hepatic artery? What percentage of blood does it bring?

A
  • Brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
  • 25% of blood

Small lumen with thick wall

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6
Q

What is the function of sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)?

A

Deliver blood to the central vein

Lined with endothelial cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the central vein?

A

Travels alone and receives blood from the sinusoids

In the center of the lobule = not in triad

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8
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

large polygonal cells with microvilli

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9
Q

What is the endocrine function (1) and exocrine function (1) of hepatocytes?

A
  • Endocrine = make and secrete proteins/lipoproteins in the blood
  • Exocrine = make and secrete bile into bile ducts
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10
Q

What do the granules in hepatocytes do? What do the organelles do?

A
  • Granules = store gylcogen and lipids → stain acidophilic (pink)
  • Organelles = degradge toxins (sER) and store lipofuscin pigment (lysosomes)
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11
Q

What cell is important for making bile?

A

Hepatocytes

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12
Q

What are hepatic stellate cells also called?

A

Ito cells

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13
Q

Where are hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) located? What is their function (3)?

A
  • Located in Space of Disse
  • Store fat + Vitamin A & produce type I collagen fibers
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14
Q

Where are Kupffer cells located? What is their function (2)?

A
  • Located inside sinusoids (capillaries)
  • Breakdowns damaged RBCs = forms bilirubin (pigment formed)
  • Can act as macrophages (phagocytic cells) in the sinusoids
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15
Q

What is the Space of Disse? What does it contain (3)?

A
  • The space b/n the hepatocytes & the endothelial cells of the sinusoid
  • Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space for absorption
  • Processes of Kupffer cells extend into this space + act as macrophages
  • Ito cells secrete type I collagen fibers into this space
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16
Q

How does portal hypertension occur?

A
  • Collagen type I deposits into the Space of Disse = results in fibrosis and alteration of the portal venous blood flow
  • ↓ flow in portal vein → ↑venous pressure = portal hypertension
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17
Q

What makes up the portal triad (3)?

A

hepatic artery + portal vein + bile duct

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18
Q

List order in which bile flows from hepatocytes (4)

A

Hepatocytes secrete bile into bile canaliculi → bile ductule (in portal triad) → interlobular bile duct (in portal triad) → common bile duct (hepatic bile duct + cystic duct)

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19
Q

What causes cirrhosis (4)? What is the result of it?

A
  • Causes = alcohol, toxicity, some forms of viral infection, and autoimmune liver disease
  • Result = progressive hepatocyte destruction → leads to destruction of normal liver unit structure = loses hexagon shape

Hepatocytes can regenerate, but their connection with the portal system and biliary drainage are destroyed

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20
Q

What causes scar tissue to form in cirrhosis?

A

Increase in fibro-collagenous (aka type I collagen)

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21
Q

Explain the mechanism of the cells in the liver that cause Cirrhosis

A
  1. Hepatocytes + Kupffer cells + Lymphocytes secrete cytokines →Activate Ito cells
  2. Ito cells (satellite cells) differentiate into myofibrils→make collagen
  3. This leads to an ↑in collagen (type 1)
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22
Q

What are the 3 structures of the liver?

A
  • Classic lobule
  • Portal lobule
  • Liver acinus
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23
Q

What is the shape of a classic lobule? Where are its central vein and portal triads located?

A
  • Hexagon shape
  • Central vein (1) is at the center
  • Portal triads are at each point of the hexagon
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24
Q

How is the portal lobule shaped? Where are its central veins and portal triad located?

A
  • Triangle shaped
  • Central veins (3) are at each point of the triangle
  • Portal triad (interlobular bile duct) is at the center
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25
Q

How is the liver acinus shaped? Where is its central vein and portal triad located?

A
  • oval (elliptical)
  • Central veins (2) (distributing vessels) are at horizontal ends
  • Portal triads (2) are at vertical ends
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26
Q

What are the 3 zones of the liver acinus?What are their functions?

A
  • Zone 1 = closest to center (axis) → receive nutrients + toxins first
  • Zone 2 = middle → receive nutrients + toxins 2nd
  • Zone 3 = furthest from center (axis) → receive nutrients + toxins last

Toxins mainly affect zone 1; oxygen depletion mainly affects zone 3

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27
Q

Explain how Congestive Heart Faliure (CHF) and Liver Necrosis can occur in Zone 3 of the liver acinus

A
  • CHF causes a decrease in O2
  • ↓ O2 causes liver (ischemic) necrosis d/t insufficent oygenation
28
Q

What type of epithelium does the gallbladder have?

A

simple columnar with microvilli

29
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder (2)?

A
  • concentrates and stores bile from the liver
  • Absorbs water and electrolytes
30
Q

How is bile secretion in the gallbladder regulated by CCK (cholecystokinin) (3)?

A
  1. Fat in the duodenum stimulates enteroendocrine cells
  2. Enteroendocrine cells secrete CCK into the blood
  3. Activation of bile secretion from the gallbladder → into the duodenum
31
Q

Where can gallstones form (2)? What is the result of gallstones affecting these areas (2)?

A
  • gallbladder - cholecystitis (obstruction in the cystic duct)
  • biliary tree - obstructive jaundice (obstruction of a bile duct)
32
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A
  • Exocrine (serous) glands secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum
33
Q

What two hormones regulate the pancreas exocrine glands? What do they stimulate?

A
  • Secretin and CCK regulate via enteroendocrine cells
  • Secretin stimulates bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) secretion
  • CCK (cholecystokinin) stimulates enzyme (zymogen) secretion

zymogen = inactive → activated by enterokinase via microvilli of enterocytes

34
Q

What are the 5 exocrine glands of the pancreas?

A
  1. Serous acinus gland
  2. Intercalated ducts
  3. Intralobular collecting ducts
  4. Interlobular ducts
  5. Main pancreatic duct
35
Q

What does the serous acinus gland secrete?

A

secrete fluid + zymogens (lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase)

36
Q

What cells are located in the intercalated ducts? What is their function?

A

simple squam. centroacinar cells secrete water rich in sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

37
Q

What type of epithelium do the intralobular collecting ducts have?

A

simple cuboidal/columnar (NO striations)

38
Q

What type of epithelium do the inTERlobular ducts have? What is the function of the interlobular ducts?

A
  • simple columnar
  • transport secretory products
39
Q

What is the function of the main pancreatic duct?

A

secretes fluid + digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Joins the bile duct (liver) before entering the duodenum

40
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? What disease does it cause in children and young adults?

A
  • genetic disorder
  • Causes obstructive pulmonary disease in children and young adults
41
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis? What does it result in?

A

Defective Cl- channel protein → decreased chlorine secretion + increased Na+ absorption = results in thick, viscous mucous which is difficult to clear out of lungs and pancreatic ducts

Defective Cl- channel and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

42
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? What cells are responsible for this?

A

Islets of Langerhans = secrete hormones that regulate blood glucose level

43
Q

What are the principal cells (4) of the endocrine gland in the pancreas?

A
  • B cells
  • A cells
  • D cells
  • F cells
44
Q

What hormone do B cells secrete? What is the function of this hormone?

A

secrete insulin = decreases blood glucose

45
Q

What hormone do A cells secrete? What is the function of this hormone?

A

secrete glucagon = increases blood glucose

46
Q

What hormone do D cells secrete? What is the function of this hormone?

A

secrete somatostatin = inhibit glucagon release by A cells

47
Q

What hormone do F cells secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

48
Q

What are the black arrows pointing to?

A

Reticular fibers

49
Q

What is 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5?

A
50
Q

What is A, B, C?

A
51
Q

What organ is shown in this image?

A

Gallbladder

52
Q

What is A? B?

A
53
Q

What is A, B, C, and D?

A
  • A → Connective tissue
  • B → Interlobular duct
  • C → Acini
  • D → Intralobular duct
54
Q

What is C? D?

A
  • C→ Acini
  • D → Intralobular duct
55
Q

What organ is this?

A

Pancreas

56
Q

What is A, B, C, and D?

A
  • A → Portal vein
  • B → Hepatic artery
  • C → Bile duct
  • D → Sinusoids
57
Q

What is C? D?

A
  • C → Endocrine islet of Langerhans
  • D → Acini of exocrine pancreas
58
Q

What is A, B, C, and D?

A
  • A & B → Portal vein
  • C → Hepatic arteries
  • D → Bile duct
59
Q

What is A? B?

A
60
Q

These cells can phagocytize damaged red blood cells. What are they called?

A
61
Q
  1. Progressive hepatocyte destruction is marked by a loss of normal cellular architecture within the hepatic lobule. As a result, there is an overproduction of collagen, often seen in the space of disse. Which cell type is responsible for the production of collagen fibers in the liver?
    a. Hepatocyte
    b. Kupffer cell
    c. Ito cell
    d. Macrophage
A

c. Ito cell

62
Q
  1. An exocrine function of the pancreas is to secrete a large volume of pancreatic fluid, rich in bicarbonate and sodium, that gets delivered to the duodenum during the process of digestion. Which of the following is important for this function?
    a. Acinar cells
    b. Interlobular duct
    c. Intralobular duct
    d. Centroacinar cells
A

d. Centroacinar cells

63
Q
  1. Identify the indicated cell:
    a. Kupffer cell
    b. Hepatic stellate cell
    c. Hepatocyte
    d. Endothelial cell
A

a. Kupffer cell

64
Q
  1. Which cell population in the liver is responsible for the production of bile?
    a. Ito cells
    b. Hepatocytes
    c. Bile duct epithelial cells
    d. Kupffer cells
A

b. Hepatocytes (exocrine fx)

65
Q
  1. Identify the indicated structure:
    a. Hepatic artery
    b. Sinusoid
    c. Bile duct
    d. Central vein
A

c. Bile duct

Histology: Exam 3 (7 decks)

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