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Histology: Exam 3 > Lecture 2: Digestive II > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Digestive II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of the duodenum in meters?

A

0.25 m

  • shortest
  • Has plicae circulares only in distal position
  • Has shorter villi
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2
Q

What is the length of the jejunum in meters?

A

2.5 m

  • Has the most abundant of plicae circulares
  • Has the most amount of villi
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3
Q

What is the length of the ileum in meters?

A

3.5 m

  • Longest
  • Has plicae circulares only in the proximal portion
  • Has shorter villi
  • Only structure that has Peyer’s Patches (lymph nodules)
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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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5
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract (alimentary canal)?

A
  • Mucosae (epithelium, lamina propia, muscualris mucosae)
  • Submucosae
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Adventitia (CT) or Serosa (CT and epithelium)
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6
Q

What 3 organs make up the GI tract?

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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7
Q

What are the 4 structures in the small intestine responsible for the increased surface area?

A
  1. plicae circulares (folds of submucosa)
  2. Villi (folds of mucosa)
  3. Crypts of Lieberkuhn (Glands) = in the mucosa between the villi
  4. Microvilli with glycocalyx = sit on top of epithelium in the mucosa
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8
Q

Which structure in the small intestine is the only one that has Brunner’s glands?

A

Duodenum

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9
Q

Which structure of the small intestine is the only one that has Peyer’s patches (lymph nodules)?

A

Ileum

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of cells found in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A
  • Enterocytes
  • Goblet cells
  • Enterendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells
  • M - cells (found in ileum of small intestine and appendix in large intestine)
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11
Q

What are enterocytes (4)?

A
  • absorptive cells
  • make up the epithelium (THE cells of the epithelium)
  • Connected to microvilli (forms brush border) which sit on top of epithelium
  • Contain glycocalyx of microvilli → stores digestive enzymes (dipeptidases and disaccharidase)
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12
Q

What is Celiac disease?

A

immune-mediated inflammation which leads to flattening of jejunal surface = extensive loss of villi

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13
Q

What triggers Celiac disease?

A

allergy to wheat protein and gluten

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14
Q

How is Celiac dieases treated?

A
  • No cure
  • villi usually returns to normal structure when wheat and its products are excluded from diet
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15
Q

What is the function of M cells? Where are they found?

A
  • play a role in transport of antigens from lumen to lamina propia
  • found in ileum (Peyer’s patches) of small intestine and appendix in large intestine
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16
Q

What are goblet cells? Where are they found?

A
  • unicellular mucous secreting glands
  • Found everywhere but mostly in ileum
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17
Q

What are the functions of Paneth cells (2)? Where are they found?

A
  • secrete antibacterial lysozyme
  • plays a role in the regulation of normal bacterial flora of the small intestine (absent in the large intestine)
  • Found near the bottom of crypts of Lieberkuhn

Only cells not in the colon (large intestine)

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18
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

secrete hormones

gastrin (like the enteroendocrine cells in the stomach), secretin, CCK, etc.

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19
Q

List the components of the large intestine (7)

A
  1. Cecum=connects to ileum of the small intestine (Ileocecal junction)
  2. Veriform Appendix
  3. Ascending Colon
  4. Transverse Colon
  5. Descending Colon
  6. Sigmoid Colon
  7. Rectus=connects to anus
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20
Q

What are two things that appendix does not have?

A
  • Villi
  • Teniae coli
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21
Q

What type of cells (3) are found in the epithelium of the appendix?

A
  • Enterocytes = absorptive cells
  • M cells
  • (few) Goblet cells
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22
Q

What type of epithlium is in the anal canal?

A

stratified squamous

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23
Q

The recto-anal junction is _____ of the esphago-gastric junction

A

reverse

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24
Q

What are the glanglions that form nerve plexuses that are part of the Enteric NS?

A
  • Auerbach’s plexus
  • Meisnner’s plexus
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25
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease (aka congenital aganglionic megacolon)?

A

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the distal colon

  • Most important disease of large intestine in infants and children
  • Males affected more than females
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26
Q

How does ulcerative colitis form?

A
  • formation of granulation tissue associated with the proliferation of blood and lymphatic vessels in the lamina propia = active inflammation
  • Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) = causes proliferation of blood vessels

  • Only in colon (large intestine)
  • Cause is unknown
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27
Q

What is the result of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • mucosa is lost over extensive area with ulceration and destruction of absorptive epithelium
  • This impairs water reabsoprtion from colonic contents = results in watery diarrhea and bleeding
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28
Q

What are indicators of Crohn’s disease (3)?

A
  • Multiple (skip) lesions often form serpentine ulcers oriented along the axis of bowel
  • Edema and loss of normal mucosal folds
  • Cobblestone mucosa

  • Primary indicator = skip lesions
  • Same sx as ulcerative colitis
29
Q

What causes Inflammatory Bowel Disease? (IBD)

A
  • Cause is unknown
  • Believed it results from:
  1. Errant host reactions with intestinal microbiota
  2. Intestinal epithelial dysfunction
  3. Aberrant mucosal immune responses
30
Q

IBD refers to which 2 diseases?

A

Ulcerative colitis + Crohn’s disease

31
Q

What is used to treat ulcerative colitis?

A

INFLIXIMAB → anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor)

32
Q

What type of epithelium is in the rectum?

A

simple columnar

33
Q

What is the gastro-duodenal junction?

A

a junction that connects the stomach and the duodenum (small intestine)

Marked by transition from simple columnar epithelium → simple columnar epithelium with villi + crypts

34
Q

What cells are circled in red? Blue?

A
  • Circled in red = Paneth cells
  • Circled in blue = enteroendocrine cells
35
Q

What cells are circled in: White? Black? Purple? Pink?

A
  • White = Goblet cells
  • Purple = Eneteroendocrine cells
  • Black = Enterocytes
  • Pink = Paneth cells
36
Q

What part of the small intestine is shown in the image? What structure is the arrow pointing to?

A
  • Appendix
  • Lymphatic nodules
37
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #1?

A

Muscularis mucosae

38
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #2?

A

Submucosae

39
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #3?

A

Muscularis externa outer layer

40
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #4?

A

Muscularis externa inner layer

41
Q

What is #5?

A

Glands - crypts of Lieberkuh

42
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #1?

B11 Lower Large Intestine x 10

A

outer longitudinal (muscularis externa)

43
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #2?

B11 Lower Large Intestine x 10

A

inner circular layer (muscularis externa)

44
Q

What structure is circled in purple?

B11 Lower Large Intestine x 10

A

Auerbach’s plexus

45
Q

What layer of the large intestine is marked by the dark blue line?

B11 Lower Large Intestine x 10

A

Submucosa

46
Q

What structure is shown in this image?

A

Anal canal (junction)

47
Q

What structure is #1? What type of epithelium does it have?

A
  • Rectum
  • Simple columnar
48
Q

What structure is #2? What type of epithelium does it have?

A
  • Anal canal
  • Stratified squamous
49
Q

What is #1?

Large Intestine x2: Colon and Teniae Colon

A

Glands

50
Q

What layer is #2?

Large Intestine x2: Colon and Teniae Colon

A

Muscularis mucosae

51
Q

What layer is #3?

Large Intestine x2: Colon and Teniae Colon

A

Submucosae

52
Q

What layer is #4?

Large Intestine x2: Colon and Teniae Colon

A

Muscularis externa inner (circular)

53
Q

What layer is #5?

Large Intestine x2: Colon and Teniae Colon

A

muscularis externa outer (longitudinal)

54
Q

What is #6?

Large Intestine x2: Colon and Teniae Colon

A

muscle from the teniae coli

55
Q

What is #1?

A

Glands

56
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #2?

A

Muscularis mucosae

57
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #3?

A

Submucosae

58
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #4?

A

Muscularis externa inner (circular)

59
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #5?

A

Muscularis externa outer (longitudinal)

60
Q

What layer of the large intestine is #1, #2, #3, and #4? What structure is #5?

A
61
Q
  1. Which of the following epithelial cells found in the digestive system are responsible for secreting lysozyme?
    a. Goblet cells
    b. M cells
    c. Enteroendocrine cells
    d. Paneth cells
A

d. Paneth cells

62
Q

Where in the digestive tract is plicae circulares most numerous?
a. Jejunum
b. Ileum
c. Descending colon
d. Appendix

A

a. Jejunum

63
Q

Brunner’s glands are characteristic of the submucosa found in which digestive tract structure?
a. Stomach
b. Lower esophagus
c. Duodenum
d. Colon

A

c. Duodenum

64
Q

Identify the structure:
a. Plicae circulares
b. Crypt of Lieberkühn
c. Peyer’s patch
d. Brunner’s gland

A

c. Peyer’s patch

65
Q

Which region of the digestive tract contains the most numerous goblet cells?
a. Jejunum
b. Stomach (body)
c. Descending colon
d. Proximal ileum

A

c. Descending colon

66
Q

The tenia coli of the large intestine is formed by which tissue layer?
a. Muscularis mucosa
b. Submucosa
c. Mucosa
d. Muscularis externa

A

d. Muscularis externa

67
Q

Celiac disease is characterized by the inability to digest gluten causing autoimmune mediated inflammation. Where is extensive loss of villi indicated?
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Colon

A

b. Jejunum

68
Q

Identify the structure:
a. Meissner’s plexus
b. Auerbach’s plexus
c. Tenia coli
d. Gut associated lymphatic tissue

A

b. Auerbach’s plexus

Histology: Exam 3 (7 decks)

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