Lecture 3: CNS

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

• compose of the brain and spinal cord

- brain begins as a neural tube ( 4 weeks of embryonic development.

Question 2

Cerebral Cortex : gray matter

Answer 2

Conscious behavior= sensation, communication, memory, understanding and voluntary movements.

Question 3

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 3

• composed of 3 functional arears :

motor, sensory and association areas

Question 4

Motor Areas

Answer 4

initiate impulses to skeletal muscles.

Question 5

Sensory areas

Answer 5

receive and interpret impulses from sensory receptors

Question 6

Association areas

Answer 6

performs complex integrative functions. receives and sends information to multiple areas of the cortex via association fibers.

Question 7

Lateralization

Answer 7

• each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner

Question 8

Left Hemisphere

Answer 8

controls language, math and logic

Question 9

Right Hemisphere

Answer 9

controls visual-spatial skills emotion and artistic skills.

Question 10

Cerebral White matter

Answer 10

consists of deep myelinated axons and their tracts

Question 11

3 types of cerebral white matter

Answer 11

• commissures
• association fibers
• projection fibers.

Question 12

Diencephalon

Answer 12

consists of :

• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• epithalamus

Question 13

Thalamic function

Answer 13

• relay station for sensations
• impulses of similar functions are sorted out, edited and relayed as a group
• all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus.

Question 14

hypothalamus

Answer 14

mammillary bodies and infundibulum

Question 15

mammillary bodies

Answer 15

relay station for olfactory pathways

Question 16

infundibulum

Answer 16

stalk of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland

Question 17

hypothalamic function

Answer 17

• regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heart beat, digestive tract motility, rate of depth breathing.
• perception of pleasure, fear and rage
• maintains normal body temp
• regulates feelings of hunger
• hormone production

Question 18

Epithalamus

Answer 18

pineal gland- extends from the posterior boarder and secretes melatonin.
melatonin: helps maintain your sleep and wake cycle.

Question 19

3 regions of the brain stem

Answer 19

mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 20

function of the brain stem

Answer 20

• provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
• associated with 10 of the 12 Cranial nerves.

Question 21

Mid brain

Answer 21

located between the dicephalon and the pons
include:
cerebral peduncles
cerebral aqueduct
corpora quadrigrmnia

Question 22

cerebral peduncle

Answer 22

connect midbrain to cerebrum, involved in communication

Question 23

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 23

connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

Question 24

superior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)

Answer 24

nuclei of midbrain - visual reflex center

Question 25

inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)

Answer 25

nuclei of midbrain- auditory reflex center

Question 26

pons

Answer 26

relays infor between brain, spinal cord, motor cortex and cerebellum. sets respiratory rhythm.

Question 27

Medulla oblongata

Answer 27

- pyramids | - olives

Question 28

pyramids

Answer 28

The two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord

Question 29

olives

Answer 29

- convey infor regarding muscular system to cerebellum.

Question 30

medulla nuclei

Answer 30

- cardiovascular control center - respiratory centers - regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing and sneezing.

Question 31

Cerebellum

Answer 31

- located dorsal to the pons and medulla | - provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction

Question 32

Limbic system

Answer 32

emotional responses such as: - odors triggering memories - fear response - expression of emotions using gestures - resolving mental conflicts

Question 33

protection of the brain

Answer 33

- the brain is protected by bone, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 34

blood- brain barrier

Answer 34

harmful substances are protected by the blood-brain barrier. | protects the brain tissue against changes in blood chemistry.

Question 35

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

Answer 35

- circulates : 1. ventricles 2. subarchnoid space 3. central canal

Question 36

Function of CSF

Answer 36

- delivers nutrients to the brain - shock absorption - After circulation : used CSF is returned to blood.

Question 37

Meninges

Answer 37

3 connective tissue membranes 1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater

Question 38

Functions of the meninges

Answer 38

- cover and protect the CNs - protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses - contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 39

Dura mater

Answer 39

form dural sinues.

Question 40

Arachnoid mater

Answer 40

- the middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering - separated from the dura mater by the subdural space - subarchnoid is filled with CSF

Question 41

pia mater

Answer 41

deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

Question 42

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 42

- contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma - protects the brain