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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > Lecture 3: Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Regulatory Mechanism

A

Nervous system and Endocrine System

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2
Q

conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior

A

Endocrine System

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4
Q

chemical
signals that are secreted into the
circulatory system and communicate
regulatory messages within the body

A

Animal Hormones

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5
Q

Two Types of Glands

A

Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands

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6
Q

secrete chemicals into ducts and the
effect is where the duct empties; sweat glands - sweat
(evaporative cooling)

A

Exocrine glands

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7
Q

secrete chemical messengers
(hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the
animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

A

Endocrine glands

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8
Q

Experiment on hen

A

Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)

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9
Q

Human development regulation

A

Signaling pathways

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10
Q

Signaling pathways are regulated by…

A

specific chemical signaling molecules

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11
Q
  • Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to
    target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
  • Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target
    cells
  • Only cells that respond to the signal
A

Target Cells

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12
Q

Intercellular Communication

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Paracrine Signaling
  3. Direct Signaling
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13
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Neuroendocrine

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14
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Synaptic
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15
Q
  • secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream
    and trigger responses in target cells
    anywhere in the body.
  • Relatively slow.
A

Endocrine Signaling

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16
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the
bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine

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17
Q
  • secreted molecules
    diffuse locally and trigger a response in
    neighboring cells.
  • Quick response.
A

Paracrine Signaling

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18
Q

secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in
the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine

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19
Q

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses
and trigger responses in cells of target
tissues

A

Synaptic/Neural Signaling

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20
Q
  • for some signals to be
    received, the cells must be in direct contact.
  • Either via interacting membrane proteins on two
    different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions.
A

Direct Signaling

21
Q

signals act on cells near the
secreting cell

A

Paracrine

22
Q

signals act on the secreting cell
itself

A

Autocrine

23
Q

proteins and
polypeptides that stimulate cell
proliferation

A

Growth Factors

24
Q

play a role in immune
responses

A

Cytokines

25
Q

Fast Signaling

A

Juxtacrine Signaling

26
Q

For Animals

A

Gap Junctions

27
Q

For Plants

A

Plasmodesmata

28
Q
  • acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted
    by neurons
  • kills bacteria and cancer cells when
    secreted by WBCs.
  • dilates the walls of blood vessels when
    secreted by endothelial cells
A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

29
Q

The mechanism of erection of the penis involves the release of nitric oxide
(NO) in the ________ during sexual stimulation.

A

Corpus Cavernosum

30
Q

enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting phosphodiesterase
type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for the degradation of cGMP in the corpus
cavernosum

A

Sildenafil (Viagra)

31
Q
  • modified fatty acids
  • secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth
  • promote fever and inflammation and
    intensify the sensation of pain
  • regulate aggregation of platelets (early
    step in blood clot formation)
A

Prostaglandine (PGs)

32
Q
  • secreted by neurons at many synapses
  • diffuse a very short distance
  • bind receptors on target cells
  • play a role in sensation, memory,
    cognition, and movement
A

Neurotransmitters

33
Q

muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

34
Q
  • secreted by neurosecretory cells

-diffuse from nerve cell endings into
the bloodstream

A

Neurohormones

35
Q

increases
water permeability of kidney’s
collecting ducts and causes
vasoconstriction (ADH)

A

ADH (vasopressin)

36
Q
  • chemical signals that are released from
    the body and used to communicate with
  • ther individuals in the species
  • mark trails leading to food
  • defining territories
  • warning of predators
  • attracting potential mates
A

Pheromones

37
Q
  • chemicals that transfer information and
    instructions between cells in animals and
    plants
  • body’s chemical messengers
  • regulate growth and development
  • control the function of various tissues
  • support reproductive functions
  • regulate metabolism
  • slow acting but long lasting
A

Hormones

38
Q

chemical signals that are
secreted into the circulatory system and
communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

Animal Hormones

39
Q

Three major classes of molecules function
as hormones in vertebrates:

A
  • Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
  • Amines derived from amino acids
  • Steroid hormones
40
Q

water-soluble

A

polypeptides and amines

41
Q

lipid-soluble

A

steroid hormones and other
largely non-polar hormones

42
Q

Water-soluble hormones are
secreted by _______, travel
freely in the bloodstream, and
bind to cell-surface receptors

A

Exocytosis

43
Q

They bind to receptors in the
_______ of the target
cells

A

plasma membranes

44
Q
  • has
    multiple effects
    in mediating the body’s
    response to short-term
    stress
  • binds to
    receptors on the
    plasma membrane of
    liver cells
  • triggers the release of
    messenger molecules
    that activate enzymes
    and result in the
    release of glucose into
    the bloodstream
A

Epinephrine

45
Q

hormones diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to
transport proteins, and
diffuse through the membrane of target cells

A

Lipid-soluble

46
Q

Signaling by any of these hormones
involves three key events:

A
  1. Reception
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Amplification
  4. Response
47
Q

detection of a signal in
the environment

A

Reception

48
Q

activating a
series of proteins inside the cell

A

Signal Transduction

49
Q

change in behavior that
occurs inside the cell

A

Response

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (8 decks)

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