Lecture 1: Principles of Physiology

Question 1

study the structure and function of the
various parts of animals and plants; how these
parts work together to allow organisms to
perform their normal behaviours and respond
to their environment.

Answer 1

Physiologist

Question 2

Unifying themes of physiological processes

Answer 2

• obey physical and chemicals laws

• regulated to maintain internal conditions and
trigger an appropriate response

• physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of
the genetic make-up, or genotype, and its
interaction with the environment.

Question 3

Subdisciplines of Physiology

Answer 3

1. Comparative Physiology
2. Environmental Physiology
3. Evolutionary Physiology
4. Developmental Physiology
5. Cell Physiology

Question 4

species are compared in order to
discern physiological and
environmental patterns

Answer 4

Comparative Physiology

Question 5

examines organisms in the
context of the environments they
inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

Answer 5

Environmental Physiology

Question 6

techniques of evolutionary biology and
systematics are used to understand the
evolution of organisms from physiological
viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers
rather than anatomic markers

Answer 6

Evolutionary Physiology

Question 7

how physiological processes unfold
during the course of organism development
from embryo through larva or fetus to
adulthood

Answer 7

Developmental Physiology

Question 8

vital information on the
physiology of the cells
themselves, which can be used to
understand the physiological
responses of tissues, organs, and
organ systems

Answer 8

Cell Physiology

Question 9

Central Themes in Physiology

Answer 9

1. Structure/Function Relationships
2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation
3. Homeostasis

Question 10

• Function is based on structure
• Form fits function at all the levels of life, from
  molecules to organisms

Answer 10

Structure/Function Relationships

Question 11

structure-function relationship is clear in the _____

Answer 11

aerodynamic efficiency of birds

Question 12

Physiology of an organism is very well
matched to the environment it occupies,
thereby ensuring its survival

Answer 12

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and
Acclimation

Question 13

evolution through natural selection
leading to an organism whose
physiology, anatomy, and behavior are
matched to the demands of its
environment

Answer 13

Adaptation

Question 14

• a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its
  life that results from an animal’s chronic
  exposure in its native habitat to new,
  naturally occurring environmental condition
• animal in migrate to high altitude
• Reversible

Answer 14

Acclimatization

Question 15

• refers to the same process as
  acclimatization when the changes are
  induced experimentally in the laboratory or
  in the wild by an investigator
• animal placed in hypobaric chamber
• Reversible

Answer 15

Acclimation

Question 16

The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain
relative internal stability

Answer 16

Homeostasis

Question 17

The milieu interieur

◦“Constancy of the internal
environment is the condition of
free life”

Answer 17

Clauded Bernard

Question 18

the ability of animals to survive in
often stressful and varying
environments directly reflects their
ability to maintain a stable internal
environment.

Answer 18

Claude Bernard

Question 19

extended notion of internal
consistency to the organization and
function of cells, tissues and organs

Answer 19

Walter B. Cannon

Question 20

1929 – Nobel
Price

Answer 20

“Homeostasis” – tendency towards
internal stability

Question 21

• The evolution of homeostasis and the physiological
  systems that maintain it were essential factors in
  allowing animals to venture from relatively
  “physiologically friendly” environments and invade
  habitats more hostile to life processes.

Answer 21

Walter B. Cannon

Question 22

antagonistic
hormones that help maintain glucose
homeostasis

Answer 22

Insulin and glucagon

Question 23

clusters of endocrine cells of pancreas

Answer 23

Islets of Langerhans

Question 24

Alpha cells

Answer 24

produce glucagon

Question 25

Beta cells

Answer 25

produce insulin

Question 26

Hypoinsulinism

Answer 26

Diabetes mellitus

Question 27

• hereditary factors and obesity play a role in its
  development

-high blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the
urine

• symptoms: excessive urination and excessive
  thirst
• if severe: fat substitutes for glucose as major
  fuel source ® production of acidic metabolites
  ® life threatening lowering of blood pH

Answer 27

Hypoinsulinism

Question 28

Type I diabetes mellitus

Answer 28

insulin-dependent
diabetes

Question 29

• autoimmune disorder
• usually appears in childhood
• treatment: insulin injections

Answer 29

Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes)

Question 30

Type II diabetes mellitus

Answer 30

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Question 31

• usually due to target cells having a decreased
  responsiveness to insulin
• usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases
  with age
• accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases

Answer 31

Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent
diabetes)

Question 32

animals can survive large fluctuations in
external osmolarity

Answer 32

Euryhaline

Question 33

Adaptation of some aquatic
invertebrates in
temporary ponds
lose almost all their
body water and
survive in a dormant
state

Answer 33

anhydrobiosis

Question 34

2 ways an organism can respond if confronted with changes in its environment

Answer 34

Conformity or Regulation

Question 35

environmental challenges induce
internal body changes that simply parallel the
external conditions (unable to maintain
homeostasis)

Answer 35

conformers

Question 36

osmoconformers

Answer 36

shark, starfish

Question 37

Oxyconformers

Answer 37

annelid worms

Question 38

biochemical, physiological, behavioral,
and other mechanisms to regulate their internal
environment over a broad range of external
environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

Answer 38

regulators

Question 39

maintain ion
concentrations of
body fluids above
environmental
levels when placed
in dilute water vice
versa

Answer 39

Osmoregulators

Question 40

Ion movements away from the fish

Water movement towards the fish

Answer 40

Freshwater Fish

Question 41

Marine Fish

Answer 41

direction of ion is towards the fish, direction of water is away

Question 42

based largely on controlled
movement of solutes between internal fluids and the
external environment

Answer 42

Osmoregulation