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Motor Control > lecture 3 chapter 3 > Flashcards

lecture 3 chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The picture to descibe the levels of the CNS?

A
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2
Q

Neurons

A
  • basic unit of the CNS
  • negative electrical charge at rest (-70mV)
  • excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Think of the pictue before and this is Execution.

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3
Q

Types of summation?

A

Spatial and temporal summation

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4
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Simulates stimulation by several presynaptic neurons

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5
Q

Temporal summation

A

High frewuency stimulation by one presynaptic neuron

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6
Q

Embryonic Brain Regions Picture:

A
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7
Q

Hierarchy of the motor system:

A

Highest level
Middle level
Local Level

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8
Q

What are the levels of processing of the CNS?

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. brain stem
  5. spinal cord
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9
Q

Spinal Level Action System

A

Simple relationship between sensory input and motor output
* Organization of reflexes
* Simple responses to sensory input
* Flexion/extension patterns associated with leg movment
*

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10
Q

Brain stem

A
  • Involved with postural control and locomotion
  • Contains sensory and motor pathways (ascending and descending)
  • Reticular formation: regulates arousal/ being awkae and other factors
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11
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

MOVEMENT
* action selection (move your body the way you want to)
* Preparation for movement
* Execution of movement
* Sequencing of movement
* Movment control parameters (force)
* Internally guided movements
* Reinforcement/reward-based learning

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12
Q

Basal Ganglia Cortico basal ganglia loop

A
  • Inhibition of unwanted movements
  • Excitation of desired movements
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13
Q

Basal Ganglia-brainstem system

A
  • Gait and balance
  • Integration with cerebellum
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14
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Input from the spinal cord: feedback regarding movement
  • Input from the cortex: info on planning movement
  • Coordinates motor responses
  • Error detection and correction
  • Involved in motor learning
  • Involved in externally (visual) guided movements
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15
Q

Subdivision of the cerebellum

Spinocerbellum

A

Primary function of this functional regions is to monitor and fine-tune limb movements. This is achieved by proprioceptive input from the dorsal column pathway of the spinal cord, the cranial trigeminal nerve, the visual and auditory system, as well as the spinocerebellar tract

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16
Q

Subdivisions of the cerebellum

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Primarily concered with planning future movements and also some purely cognitive functions such as matching verbs to nouns

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17
Q

Subdivision of the cerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Mainly focused on spatial awareness and balance

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18
Q

Diencephalon Thalamus

A
  • Relay station
  • accepts and sifts all sensory information
  • processes info from spinal cord, cerebellum, and brain stem

Involved in:
* learning
* long-term goal-oriented behavior
* arousal
* memory!
* abstract thinking

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19
Q

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

A
  • links the nervous system to the endocrine system
  • Hormonal control and regulates areas for thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure
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20
Q

Premotor Cortex

A
  • Activates multiple muscels at multiple joints which gives rise to more coordinated movements - refining movement
  • planning and initation of movements related to external events
  • visually guided movements
  • receives inputs from cerebellum
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21
Q

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

A
  • Planning and initiation of internally guided movements
  • remembered or self-guided movements
  • imagined/mentally rehearsed tasks
  • Receives input from basal ganglia
22
Q

SMA + Premotor Cortex

A

Both interact with
* sensory processing areas
* primary motor cortex

23
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A
  • contains a complex map of the body
  • receives input from multiple sources
  • outputs to motor neurons; contributes to corticospinal tract (~50%)
  • primarily creates single joint movements
  • controls force and speed of movement
  • multiple parallel pathways (good for our brain to recover)
24
Q

Motor parallel pathways

A

many parallel pathways for carrying out an action sequence

25
Topography of primary motor and somatosensory cortex
26
Higher level association areas
Important for motor planning and cognitive behaviors (heighst level) Set of attentional networks within cortex * alerting * orientation * conflict resolution or executive attention
27
Sensory and Preceptual systems
higher level of processing brainstem, cranial nerves peripheral receptors
28
# Somatosensory Input Somatosensory cortex
* Conscious awarness of sensory input * cross modality integration * localization of movement in specific body areas * beginning of spatial processing
28
Somatosensory system
* conscious perception of pressure, touch, pain, tempurature, position, movment, and vibration * 3 neuron system, relays sensation detectiod in the peripherry and conveys them via pathways through the spinal cord, brainstem and thalamic relay nuclei to the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe. * includes neurons from the lowest to hghest levels of CNS hierarchy * Signals from periphery -> integration and interpretation in association cortex
29
# Somatosensory Input Thalamus
* processing and distribution of all sensory input
30
# Somatosensory Input Spianl cord level
* reflexes * modulation of central pattern generator output
31
# Somatosensory Input Ascending pathways
two system facilitate parallel processing and some redundancy
32
Somatosensory Cortex
* Major processing area for all the somatosensory modalities; marks beginning of consious awareness of somatosenation * processes incoming information to increase contrast sensitivity * ID and discriminate between different objects through touch (quarter vs penny) * Primary somatosensory cortex * Secondary somatosensory cortex
33
Somatosensory Cortex Primary
Kinesthetic and touch information from (CL) side of body, organized in a somatotopic manner
34
Somatosensory System - Peripheral
Peripheral receptors * muscle spindle * golgi tendon receptor * joint receptors * cutanenous receptors (skin)
35
Muscle Spindle
* spindle-shaped sensory receptors located in the muscle belly of skeletal muscles * Detect both absolute muscle length and changes in muscle length * help finely regulate muscle length during movement
36
The muscle spindle consist of?
* very small muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers * sensory neurons endings- group 1a and group 2 afferents * gamma motor neurons endings
37
Stretch reflex loop
1. Gastrocnemius muscle is stretched 2. Muscle spindle 1a afferents in muscle are excited 3. alpha motor neurons of the gastrocnemius are excited 4. Simultaneously 1a inhibitory interneurons to antagonist muscle 5. Contraction occurs
38
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
* Spindle-shaped, located at the muscle-tendon junction 15-20 muscle fibers/GTO * Afferent information only via 1b afferent fibers Not subject to CNS modulation * Sensitive to tension changes from either stretch or contraction of muscle * Inhibits its own muscle and excites antagonist * Protects muscle from injury, constantly monitors muscle tension, and modulates muscle output in response to fatigue * GTOs of extensor muscles of the LE are active during stance phase of locomotion, exciting extensor muscles and inhibiting the flexor muscles until unloaded (exception of walking)
39
Joint Receotors
* Combination of skin, joint, and muscle receptors is required for a complete and accurate detection of movements * Provide a danger signal about extreme joint motion as defense
40
Cutaneous Receptors
* mechanoreceptors * thermoreceptors * nociceptors * placing reaction (extensor) * Withdrawl reflex (flexor) * Cutaneous reflex
41
Visual Contributions to motor control
* identify objects and their movement * indentify self-motion and alignment with respect to the visual world
42
Vestibular Contributions to motore control
Gaze stabilization - vestibulo-occular reflex (VOR), car sickness Balance and posture - orientation with respect to gravity, rapid change in position (then calm down), head movement
43
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
* maintains a visual image on the retina dutring head turing * reflex adjustment of eye positon when there is movement of the head * eyes and head move opitiote ways
44
# Cerebral Cortex and snesory processing Frontal
control of voluntary movement
45
# Cerebral Cortex and snesory processing Parietal
perception of sensory input
46
# Cerebral Cortex and snesory processing Temporal
auditory perception, memory, abstract thought and judgement
47
# Cerebral Cortex and snesory processing Occipital
visual perception
48
Sensory Processing - Posterior Parietal lobe
* receives input from somatosensory areas, visual system, and premotor areas * coordinates visual (spatial) information with movement * input to motor regiona (including lateral permotor cortex) from posterior parietal cortex * may be storage site for motor programs
49
Clinical Considerations
1. Sensory decline in patients contributes to motor control decline 2. patient may have only one part of visual system in poor condtion. make sure central vision is fixed on object during new task. 3. visual reliance is high during novel task and in young and elderly 4. Sensory feedback requires time 5. many skills require multi-sensory integration and therefore some skills need rehabilitation via multi-sensory feedback
50
The pathway for how movment is done.

Motor Control (6 decks)

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