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Motor Control > Lecture 1 chapter 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control?

A

defined as the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement. OR the ability of a person in a real worl situation to accomplish a meaningful goal OR solving dilemmas in movement with the best strategy available

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2
Q

what is “available”?

A

…

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3
Q

physical therapy and motor control

A

understanding the nature and control of normal and abnormal movement is critical to clinical practice
through this understanding we can facilitate relearning, compensation and improved patternes of movement

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4
Q

Reflex theory is what?

A

reflexes are the building blocks of complex behavior

complex behaviors: combined action of individual reflexes, associated with each other with enviormental contingencies

movment is controlled by a response to a external stimulus

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5
Q

Reflex theory limitations

A

does not help explain spontaneous and voluntary movements.
unable to explain and predict movment that occurs in the absence of a sensory stimulu
does not explain fast movements

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6
Q

Refelx theroy assesment

A

movement able to be interpeted b presence or absence of controling relflexes

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7
Q

Reflex theory treatment

A

Be able to stimulate desired and inhibit undesired reflexes to improve function
Use sensory input to control motor output
Rely heavily on feedback (hard to transfer into every situation)

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8
Q

Hierarchical Theory

A

Top –> down organization
Brains higher levels control the middle and lower levels
Reflexes emerge only with cortical damage

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9
Q

Hierarchical Theory Limitations

A

cannot explain dominace of reflexice behavior in certain situations
Inappropriate to assume all primitive reflexes are immature/non-adaptive and all higher order behaviors are mature and appropriate

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10
Q

Hierarchical Theory Assesment

A

allows for a better understanding of clinical presentation with stroke and cerebral palsy (CP)

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11
Q

Hierarchical Theory Intervention

A

Managment of reflexes present following cortical injury
Understanding of how the cortex can exert influence ocer the primitive reflexes

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12
Q

Neuromaturational Theory

A

Normal motor development is attributed to corticalization
Higher levels of control over lower-level reflexes
Minimizes importance of other factors, such as musculoskeletal changes
Recovery of function

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13
Q

Key assumptions for recovery of function in Neuromaturational Theory

A

Functional skills will automatically return once abnormal movement patterns are inhibited and normal movement patterns facilitated
Repetition of these normal movement patterns will automatically transfer to functional tasks.

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14
Q

Neuromaturational Theory Limitations

A

Does not consider behaviors that develop secondary to the lesion or in response to the lesion (compensation)

Belief that recovery of normal function cannot occur unless higher centers regain over lower centers

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15
Q

Neuromaturational Theory Assessment

A

Identify presence or absence of normal and abnormal refelxes controlling movement

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16
Q

Neuromaturational Theory Treatment

A

Modify reflexes that control movement
Increasing focus on explicitly training function.

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17
Q

Motor Programming Theories: Central generated motor patterns/programs (CPG)

A

More flexiable than the concept of a reflex, as it can be activated either by sensory stimuli or by central processes.
Movement is possible in the absence of reflexive action
Sensotu input has an important function in modulating action
Reflexes do not drive action

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18
Q

Motor Programming class of movements with certain invariant features

A

Order of events
Relative timing of events
Relative force with which the events are produced

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19
Q

Motor Programming then specifies how the movement will be performed

A

Overall duration
Force of contraction
Muscles …. Ect

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20
Q

Motor Programming limitations

A

was not intended to replace the concept of the importance of sensory input in controlling movement
Highlights the flexibility of the CNS in creating movements
CPG cannot be considered the sole determinant of action.

Action is affected by gravity, fatique, position in space
Does not account for musculoskeletal and enviormental variables
Proprioception is not accounted for

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21
Q

Motor Programming Assessment

A

Increased diagnostic ability, now including abnormalities in CPGs or higher level programs

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22
Q

Action is what?

A

Action is affected by gravity, fatique, position in space
Does not account for musculoskeletal and enviormental variables
Proprioception is not accounted for.

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23
Q

Motor Programming Interventions

A

Adds the importance of retraining patients using the correct “rules” for action (error management
Supports using specific functional task training vs isolated muscle or joint training
Reduced focus on inhibiting reflexes and reducing spasticity
Mental focus rehearsal of actions can be effective

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24
Q

Systems Theory

A

Looked at the body as more than the nervous system, identifying the role tha external and internal forces play in movement
Suggested that control of integrated movement was distributed throughout many interacting systems working cooperatively
Identified many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled.
TOP –> DOWN model

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25
Degrees of freedom problem
The body has multiple muscles and joints. Control of these is imperative to lead to successful movement. Offers a multitude of options in how to complete a task = Multiple equivalent solutions
26
Hierarchical Neural Model Level of tonus
"muscle language" Resides in spinal cord Never leads, background level
27
Hierarchical Neural Model 1.level of synergies
resides in the middle brain constrians degrees of freedom of motor apparatus
28
Hierarchical Neural Model 2. level of synergies
resides in the middle brain constrains degrees of freedom of motor apparatus
29
Hierarchical Neural Model 3. level of space
facilitates purposeful, goal-oriented, and dextrous movements within enviorment
30
Hierarchical Neural Model 4. level of action
resides in the frontal cortex controls and organizes movement sequences to attain actions goal
31
Hierarchical Neural Model motor equivalence: level of action finds several potential solutions for same problem
Leading level: an upper level that controls a goal-directed movement (anything above 1) Background level: a level that provides support so that the movement can be executed (level 1 is always apart of this)
32
Ecological Theory
The person, the task and the enviorment interact to influence motor behavior and learning The interaction of the person with any given enviorment provides perceptual information used to control movement Motivation to solve problem to accomplish a desired movement task goal facilitates learning
33
Which theory first adds the enviorment to it?
ecological theory
34
Ecological theory limitations
less emphasis on the organization and function of the nervous system
35
Ecological theory assesment
observe tasks being performed in various enviorments determine personal goals to increase motivation, learning
36
Ecological theory intervention
help patient explore multiple ways in achieving functional task This will allow the best solution for the patient to be discovered especially with constraints of different enviorments Learn to perceive the critical aspect of an environment
37
Dynamic systems theory
Evolved from systems theory, adds in the concept of self-organization- motor patterns are not dictated by a central controller but rather from interaction of body systems and enviormental constraints Encourages variability in practice, understanding that changes in constrants (fatigue, injury, surface) can lead to changes in movement patterns
38
Dynamic systems theory assessment
observe tasks being performed in various enviorments and at different times of day
39
Dynamic systems theory interventions
provide opportunity to explore different movement solutions
40
Physical therapy approaches
4 different
41
Brunnstorm approach (basics)
(movement therapy in hemiplegia stroke) Reflex, hierrarchial
42
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) (basics)
reflex, hierarchical, neuromaturational, and systems theories
43
Rood (basicis)
reflex and hierarchical
44
Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)/Bobath (Basicis)
reflex, hierarchical, neuromaturational
45
Brunnstorm Approach (detailed)
developed for stroke rehab. Follows the belief that motor recovery follows a predictable sequence Reflexice movements --> voluntary control.
46
Brunnstorm Approach treatment focus
encourages the use of reflex synergies (stereotypical movement pattterns) in early recovery stages. gradually promote more voulentary control
47
Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) (detailed)
Developed for individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and stroke (CVA) Originally based on the idea that abnormal reflexes and movement patterns result from damage to higher CNS centers.
48
Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) treatment focus
Inhibiting abnormal reflexes Facilitate "normal" movement patterens through guided handling and positioning
49
Development Sequence - Child
50
Development sequence - Adult
51
Rood Approach (detailed)
Emphasizes the use of sensory stimuli (icing, taping, deep presure) to facilitate or inhibit muscle activity Based on the idea that motor control develops in a predictiable hierarchical sequence
52
Rood Approach Treatment focus
use of specific sensory inputs to elicit desired motor responses Follows a development sequence (mobility --> stability --> controlled mobility --> skill)
53
Roods Assumtion on development of moevment
54
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Attempts to promote the respone of the nerve impulses to recruit muscles through stimulation of the proprioceptors in addition to other sensory stimuli in the beginning, decreasing with learning Uses diagonal and spiral movment patterns that mimic natural functional motions
55
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation based on the principle of:
Irradiation (spreading of muscular activation) Reciprocal inhibiation (activating one muscle group wile relaxing anouther) Rhythmic initiation (gradual progression from passive to active movement)
56
PNF uses
Neurological rehab Orthopedic and sports therpay Flexibility and mobility
57
Neurological Rehab
Used for patients with stroke, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson’s disease to retrain movement and improve motor control.
58
Orthopedic & Sports Therapy
Helps increase range of motion, reduce muscle tightness, and enhance functional strength.
59
Flexibility & Mobility
Commonly used in stretching techniques like contract-relax (CR) and hold-relax (HR) to improve flexibility.
60
Take-aways for the theroies
Reflex-based and hierarchical methods laid the foundation for rehabilitation but have largely been replaced or integrated into broader, task-specific, and functional training models. Modern therapy is more focused on active problem-solving, adaptability, and patient engagement rather than passive reflex stimulation. Many traditional techniques (PNF, NDT) are still used but are modified to align with contemporary theories—e.g., using PNF in a functional context rather than just to elicit isolated reflex responses
61
Task-Oriented Model of motor control
Multiple body systems overlap to activate synergies for the production of movements that are organized around functional goals Considers interaction of the person with the enviorment to complete a specific task Goal-directed behavior - task oriented
62
Systems underlying motor control
Sub-systems within the individual ,Posture ,Cognition, Action Attributes of the task, Mobility, Stability, Manipulation Environmental Constraints, Regulatory, Nonregulatory
63
Task-Oriented Model of motor control Assesment
Observe performing specific task Motivational interviewing
64
Task-Oriented Model of motor control internventions
Use of task specific training Practice performing in a variety of conditions Enviormental contexts should be modified
65
Individual Factors
Motor/Action Sensory/ perceptual Cognitive
66
Motor/Action
Neuromuscular and biomechanical systems contribute to functional movement control Neuromuscular contorl can be passive or active Motor unit level Muscle level Joint level
67
Sensory/Perceptual
Provides information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement Adaptive control essenstial to control functional movement Provide information abotu the state of the body Guide interactions with the enviorment Monitor movement outcomes
68
Cognitive:
Includes attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control
69
Open and closed loop theory
70
Mobility
Sitting Vs Walking Vs Running
71
Stability/ Postural control
Intact postural NM system VS impaired; extenal support vs no support
72
Manipulation/upper extremity function
No movement vs reaching outside BOS with a heavy object
73
Task
Nature of task determine the movement reguired Grouping taks/Estabilishing a progession Functional: bed mobility, gait, transfers, ADLs Movment charcteristic classifications
74
Movement characteristic classifications
Fine motor vs. gross motor​ Discrete vs. continuous vs. serial​ Simple vs. complex​ Stationary vs. mobile​ Manipulation vs. no manipulation
75
Enviroment
CNS must consider attributes of enviorment when planning task specific movements
76
Regulatory
enviormental aspects that shape the movement Example: type of flooring, weight and size of cup
77
Nonregulatory
may affect performance but movement does not habe to conform Example: background noise, distractions, color of cup
78
Discrete
clear start and end throwing a ball jumping
79
Continuous
no clear begining or end, fluid in nature rowing running cycling
80
Serial
sequences of discrete movements combined into more complex action tying shoelaces, dribbling in basketball, gymnastics routine
81
Which enviormental conditions are regulatory or nonregulatory? Contrast strip added to a series of stair steps Opening a door Stepping onto an escalator Size, weight, and shape of a cup to be picked up Walking on a sidewalk that has snow and ice on it Cars honking in nearby traffic when walking on a sidewalk Walking on a sidewalk in the rain
Contrast strip added to a series of stair steps (non) Opening a door (regulatory) Stepping onto an escalator (regulatory) Size, weight, and shape of a cup to be picked up (regulatory) Walking on a sidewalk that has snow and ice on it (regulatory) Cars honking in nearby traffic when walking on a sidewalk (non) Walking on a sidewalk in the rain (non)
82
Walking barefoot on the beach is best categorized as what type of task? 1.Discrete task 2.Closed task 3.Continuous task 4.Manipulation task
3.continuous task
83
Playing a piano is best categorized as what type of task? 1.Serial task 2.Gross motor task 3.Open task 4.Mobile task
1. Serial task
84
Which is a limitation of Systems theories 1.Does not incorporate the whole body, gravity, and inertia​ 2.Does not incorporate multiple degrees of freedom in the body​ 3.Does not include interaction between the body and current conditions 4.Does not include all environmental factors​
4. Does not include all enviormental factors
85
Which of the following treatment techniques is the BEST example of using the reflex theory in a PT treatment? 1.Using the PNF D2 pattern to facilitate improved UE control​ 2.Gait training in the parking lot on uneven surfaces​ 3.Tapping on triceps muscle to elicit UE extension during a reaching task​ 4.Performing weight shifting to prepare a patient for gait training
3.Tapping on triceps muscle to elicit UE extension during a reaching task​
86
Theories of Motor Control, Synopsis
Reflex Theory​ reflexes drive movement Hierarchical Theory​ top down approach, brain > midbrain > spinal cord Motor Programming Theories Central motor patterns control movement Systems Theory​ Synergies of movement control degrees of freedom Dynamic Systems Theory​: Movement patterns emerge from interaction between the system and the conditions Ecological Theory​ Movement results from perception-action exploration Enviorment impacts movement

Motor Control (3 decks)

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