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Feline Infectious Diseases > Lecture 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How to prevent feline URTID

A

Vaccination - MLV, killed, intranasal

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2
Q

How to do disease control for household pets

A
  • Vaccinatie routinely and boost beofre high risk situations
  • Every three years is often enough in low risk situations
    *
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3
Q

How to control disease in broarding catteries

A
  • Make sure all incoming cats are vaccinated
  • Provide individual housing
  • Provide suitable accomodation
  • Minimise handling of cats
  • Regiment cleaning and feeding routine to minimise cross contamination
  • Washing-up gloves
  • Disinfect each cage between two cats and leave the cage vaccant for 2 days
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4
Q

Disease control in breeding catteries

A
  • Vaccination
  • Boost queens before mating or when pregnant
  • Reduce stress, crowding; apply good management as per boarding catteries
  • Move queens into isolation 3 weeks before fterm, so FRV shedding associated with stressful move has finished by term
  • Wean kittens into isolation at 4-5 weeks of age if mother is likely to be carrers
  • Vaccinate all kittens at -9 weeks or start earlier
  • Strict isolation until 1 week after last vaccine dose
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What is the cause of feline AIDS in cats

A
  • Feline immunodeficiency virus
  • Feline leukaemia virus
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7
Q

What is the difference between FeLV and FIV

A
  • FeLV
    • Friendly contact
    • Test detect Ag
    • Catteries, multi-cat households
    • Immunodeficiency lymphoid cancer anaemia
  • FIV
    • Bites
    • Tests detect Abs
    • Outdoor males > females
    • Immunodeficiencies, neuro signs, renal disease, cancer
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8
Q

Why is FIV so successful

A

Causes relatively little harm to its host and can persist in the host for years

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9
Q

What are the three stages of FIV

A
  1. Acute stage
  2. Asymptomatic phase
  3. Terminal phase
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10
Q

Describe the acute stage of FIV

A
  • Fever (2-17 days)
  • Neutropenis (4-9 weeks)
  • Generalised lymphadenopathy (2-9 months)
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11
Q

What are the terminal phases with FIV

A
  • Wasting, cachexia
  • Stomatitis/gingivitis
  • Chronic upper respiratory infections
  • Chronic enteritis
  • Panleucopenia-like disease
  • Chronic skin disease
  • Neurological signs
  • Anaemia
  • Lymphoproliferative/myeloproliferative disorders
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Could the ‘FIV-free’ diagnosis be wrong

A
  • Anti-FIV antibodies usually appear in the infected cat’s serum 2-8 weeks post infection
  • False negative may occur in animals tested too soon after initial infection. Retesting of suspected cases after 6-12 weeks is advised
  • False negatices may occur in animals with overwhelming end-stage disease. Large amounts of antigen ‘mop up’ antibodies
  • False positive will occur in healthy kittens born to FIV +ve mothers due to MDA
  • Recheck when over 6 months of age, should be negative by then, occasionally takes longer
  • Usually they seroconvert to negative by 4-6 months of age
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14
Q

How to treat a cat with FIV

A
  • Dental extractions
  • Treat tumours with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy
  • AZT has been shown in placebo-controlled trial to improve FIV-associated stomatitis. However this drug can cause anaemia so if you choose to use it monitor PCV
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15
Q

How to avoid trasmission of FIV

A

FIV-infected cats should not be allowed to freely roam

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16
Q

How do cats get FeLV

A
  • High access to outdoors
  • Nose-to-nose contact, mutual grooming and shared litter trays/water bowls facilitate transmission
  • Prolonged intimate contact needed for transmission
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17
Q

What does PI FeLV viraemia lead to

A
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Anaemia
  • Lymphoma and leukaemia
  • Immune-mediated disorders
  • reproductive failure
  • Enteritis
  • Neuropathies
  • Quasi-neoplasia
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18
Q

How to treat FeLV

A
  • Supportive care, treat secondary infections and cancer
  • Nucleoside analogues
  • Interferon
  • Staphylococcal proteinA
  • Persistent viraemia is difficult to reverse
19
Q

How to prevent FeLV infection

A
  • Test and remove programmes
  • Vaccines
    • Subunit
    • Killed
    • Canarypox vectored
20
Q

What is the is the aetiology of FIP

A
  • Caused by feline corona virus
  • Poorly defined mutation of FCoV and/or high viral dose at a critical life stage -> FIP
  • FCoV encompasses both FECoV and FIP
21
Q

What are the feline corona virus variants

A
  • FECoV
    • Tropism for intestinal epithelial cells
    • Causes diarrhoea
  • FIPV
    • Tropism for macropages
    • Causes death
22
Q

Can you distinguish FIPV and FECoV serologically

A

No

23
Q

What is the epidemiology of FECoV

A
  • Faecal-oral transmission
  • WIdespread
  • FCoV seropositivity rate is high, but FIP is an uncommon cosequence of infection
  • Each cat harvests its own quasispecies
24
Q
A
25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of FIP

A
  • FIP is an immune complex vasculitis, involving viral antigen, antiviral Abs and complement
  • No anti-FCoV Abs = no disease
  • Complement fixation -> vasoactive amine release -> increased vascular permeability -> protein rich exudate -> neutrophil diapedesis ->. effusive ‘wet’ FIP
26
Q

FCoV transmission

A
  • Virus is shed mainly in faeces, occasionally also in saliva; can survive up to 7 weeks outside the cat in dry conditions
  • Faecal-oral route: injestion, inhalation of virus
  • Litter trays, food bowls, mutual grooming, sneezing close contact
  • Vertical transmission after MAbs wane
  • Faecal shedding was previously thought to last only 2 weeks PI
  • We now know it lasts many months in some healthy carriers
  • Seronegative cats do shed virus
  • 1/3 of seropositive cats shed virus
27
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes

A
  • The kitten or cats develops FIP
  • The vast majority of exposed cats become infected, shed FCoV for a while, develop antibodies, stop shedding FCoV and their antibody titre returns to zero
  • The cat becomes a lifelong FCoV carrier. These cats shed FCoV continually in their faeces and most remain perfectly healthy although some develop chronic diarrhoea
  • Resistant cats - around 5-10% of cats appear to be completely resistant to FCoV infection, they don’t shed the virus and they mount an almost undetectably low antibody response
28
Q

What is FIP clinical findings

A
  • Dry and wet forms
  • Half of affected cats are over 2 yeats
  • Lived in multi-cat environemnt
  • Experienced stress with in the last few months
29
Q

What are the Wet FIP findings

A
  • Ascites
  • Mild pyrexia
  • +/- pleural effusion
  • +/- abdominal mass effect
30
Q

Dry FIP: clinical findings

A
  • Pyrexia, weight loss, dullness, depression
  • Jaundice
  • Lumpy kidneys, mesenteric lymphadenopathy
  • Patchy pulmonary infiltrates
  • Occuar changes
  • 12.5% show enurological signs
  • 75% have hydrocephalus
31
Q

How to diagnose FIP

A
  • Histology
  • Clinical pathology
    • Fluid analysis
    • Serum chemistry
  • Histopthology
  • Serology
    • Many, many false positives
    • A few false negatives
32
Q

What is the treatment for FIO

A

Very poor response likely; can try:

  • Prednisolone/dexamethasone
  • +/- Cyclophospamide
  • +/- Asprin
  • +/- Ampicillin
  • +/- Anabolic steroids
  • +/- vitamins
33
Q

FIP precention in kittens

A
  • Prepare kittening room, put queen in there at least one week before partuition
  • Practice barrier nursing
  • Wean kittens into isolation early, if mother is seropositive
  • Serotest kittens to ensure you’ve been successful
34
Q

FIP precention in cattery

A
  • Virus is readily inactivated by disinfectants. Reduce faecal contamination of the environment. Keep food bowls separate
  • Optimise cat numbers. Reduce stress
  • Serotes and group animals accordingly
  • Isolate queens for parturition and practice early weaning if mother is seropositive
  • Admit seronegative cats only. Vaccineate newcomers
35
Q

Can FIP be controlled by vaccination

A
  • No vaccine avaliable in australia, but there is a temperature sensitive intranasal mutant vaccine avaliable
  • You dont want to generate a systemic antibody response against FIPV because of ‘antibody-mediated enhancement of disease’
36
Q

What are the symptoms of feline panleucopenia

A
  • Sudden high fever, profound depression, GI signs, dehydration, death
37
Q

How is feline panleucopenia controlled

A
  • Vaccination and highly protective maternal immunity
38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of feline panleucopenia

A
  • Requires rapidly dividing cells
  • Early gestation: pantropic, infertility, foetal death, resorption
  • Mid to late gestation: mummification, abortion
  • Late gestation/early neonate: cerebellar hypoplasia, optic nerve and retinal lesions, hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly
  • Older post-natal: oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue - viraemia
39
Q

What are the clinical findings with feline panleucopenia

A
  • Severe illness in young unvaccinated kittens
  • Peracute or acute disease is self-limiting
  • Profound depression
  • Fever
  • Persistent vomiting, rapid dehydration
  • Ropey, uncomfortable bowel loops; enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes
  • +/- diarrhoea, +/- blood
  • +/- signs of septic shock, DIC
40
Q

How to diagnose panleucopenia

A
  • Clinical signs, histoey of inadequate vaccination
  • Leucopenia
  • Parvoviral faeces Ag test kits
41
Q

Treatment of Panleucopenia

A
  • Isolation, barrier nursing, warmth
  • Parenteral fluid therapy
  • Anti-emetic
  • Broad spectrum antibodies
42
Q

Panlukemia: how to maintain fluid therapy

A
  • 1kg animal requires:
    • 6 ml/kg body weight per hour
  • 100kg animal requires
    • 1.5ml/kg ody weight per hour
43
Q

How to prevent feline panlucopenia

A
  • Colostral Ab hace a half life of 9.5 days; can interefer with vaccine
  • Avoid MLV vaccines in pregnant queens and kittens
  • 2 or more shots usually recommended; last one no earlier than 16 weeks
  • Boost at 15 months. Thereafter, controversial: modern MLV FPV vaccines protect for over 3 years

Feline Infectious Diseases (3 decks)

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