Lecture 3: Anatomy and Physiology 1 Flashcards
How is the nervous system divided?
(structurally and functionally)
Structurally: CNS and PNS
Functionally: Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic nervous system
deals with actions that you think about
Autonomic nervous system
actions you do not have conscious control over
What makes up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
What makes up the PNS
nerves supplying electrical impulses to body
What are the lobes in the brain (5)
- Frontal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Brain stem
Function of Frontal lobe
Consciousness
Function of parietal lobe
Movement and stimulus perception
Function of Temporal lobe
Hearing and speech perception
Function of Occipital lobe
Vision
Function of Cerebellum
Coordination of movement
Function of Brain stem
Vital functions including breathing
What is the brain stem made of
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
Route of nerves into and out of spinal cord
- Motor neurons exit spine through dorsal root
- Sensory neurons enter spinal cord through ventral root
Name 3 responses of sympathetic nervous system
- Increase in brain activity
- Increase in metabolic rate
- Conversion of glucagon to glucose
- Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
- Inhibits bladder contraction
Name 3 responses of parasympathetic nervous system
- Decrease in metabolic rate
- Stimulates saliva production
- Contraction of bladder
- Stimulates sexual arousal
Name 2 amino acid neurotransmitters
- Glutamic acid
- y-aminobutyric acid
Name 2 monoamine neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
Name 2 catecholamine neurotransmitters
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
What is a divergent neurotransmitter
One transmitter acting on multiple receptors
What is a convergent neurotransmitter
Different transmitters bind to own receptor by cause the same intracellular response via shared messenger systems
Pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated blood to lung from heart
Pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood from lung to heart
Coronary artery
Oxygenated blood to heart muscle
Superior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood from brain, head and arms
Inferior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood from rest of body
Hepatic artery
Oxygenated blood from heart to liver
Portal vein
Deoxygenated blood from Liver to heart
What is blood pressure influenced by (3 things)
- Blood volume
- Cardiac output
- Vascular Resistance
Cardiac output equation
CO= heart rate x stroke volume
Stroke volume is the amount of blood moved per contraction
Normal arteriole blood pressure
Ventricular contraction = ~120 mmHg
Ventricular relaxation = ~70 mmHg
What is ventricular contraction called
Systole
What is ventricular relaxation called
Diastole
What does blood pressure above 140 show
Hypertension
What does blood pressure 160-170 show
Stroke or haemorrhaging
Two types of circulatory shock
- Hypovolemic = following haemorrhage
- Cardiogenic = impairment of signals of heart for contraction
What is the blood brain barrier
physical barrier controlling movement of solutes from systemic circulation into cerebral circulation
Heart contraction pattern
- impulses start at sino-atrial node
- spreads in atria and down atrioventricular node
- divides into left and right bundles of His
What does the P wave show on an ECG
atrial contraction
What does the QRS interval show on an ECG
ventricular conduction
What does the T wave show on an ECG
Repolarisation
How long is a normal QRS interval
~0.1s
Atrial fibrillation
- atria sends irregular rhythms
- QRS interval not in regular rhythm
- pumping of heart no longer effective
- leads to development of clots/ stroke
Ventricular fibrillation
- ventricles send random rhythms
- needs electrical shock to get rhythm back
