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Entomology 219 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Arthropods developed from _______ ancestors.

A

segmented ancestors

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2
Q

Direct flight muscles are attached to the ____ .

A

wings

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3
Q

The exocuticle is hardened through a process called _______ .

A

Sclerotization

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4
Q

The exoskeleton is made up of a structure called the ____.

A

cuticle

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5
Q

Extended and Flexed arthropod appendages picture:

A
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6
Q

Growth through molting graph

A
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7
Q

How do arthropods grow?

A

due the exoskeleton: molting

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8
Q

How do insects breathe?

A

through a series of trachea that run through the body

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9
Q

How many ocelli are on the head of a damsal fly?

A

3

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10
Q

In blood feeding insects Malpighian tubules also play a crucial role in what?

A

Getting rid of the excess water present in the blood meal

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11
Q

Indirect flight muscles are attached to the _____ and _____ of the thorax (muscles for stroke) or back and front (muscles for downstroke).

A

roof and floor

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12
Q

In flies and mosquitos the 2nd pair of wings has become gyroscopic organ called ____ .

A

halteres

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13
Q

In many grasshoppers the 2nd pair of wings is _____ _____ to protect against predators.

A

brightly colored

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14
Q

In many insects the front pair of wings has become modified to function as a _____ _____.

A

protective shield (seen in beetles)

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15
Q

In mosquitos the _____ _______ at the base of the antennae detects its movement.

A

Johnston’s organ

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16
Q

In mosquitos where does CO2 perception take place?

A

palps

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17
Q

Insect digestive system image:

A
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18
Q

Insect flight muscle image:

A
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19
Q

Insect Mouth parts picture:

A
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20
Q

Inside the ventriculus what does the peritrophic membrane do?

A

Provides a physical protection barrier against foreign objects and pathogens

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21
Q

In thrips wings have become _____ due to their very small size.

A

feathery

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22
Q

Johnston’s organ image:

A
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23
Q

The malpighian tubules are the _____ of insects.

A

kidneys

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24
Q

Malpighian Tubules image:

A
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25
Q

Many arthropods have ______ ______that give them that characteristic “arthropod look”

A

Compound eyes

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26
Q

Ocelli consist of what?

A

A single lens with a retina, like a vertebrate eye, and they are therefore called simple eyes

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27
Q

Olfaction is located in very small hairs called ______ which house nerves that detect odors.

A

sensilla

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28
Q

The open circulatory system of arthropods allows haemolymoh to flow _______ around the body cavity?

A

freely

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29
Q

Open circulatory system of insects picture:

A
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30
Q

Other insects have ___ _____ in which a membrane vibrates in response to air vibration.

A

tympanal organ

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31
Q

Respiration in insects picture:

A
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32
Q

Trachea are connected to the outside through ____ (mostly in the abdomen)

A

spiracles

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33
Q

True or false: compound eyes are not that good at producing detailed images (unless they have very many ommatidia) but they are good at detecting movement

A

true

34
Q

True or false: During molting the arthropod is very vulnerable as it has little protection and can move in only very limited ways until sclerotization is complete

A

true

35
Q

True or false: In bees and wasps the front and hind wings are sipper together to form a single functional unit.

A

true​

36
Q

True or false: insects do not have proteins that carry oxygen through the haemolypmh.

A

true

37
Q

True or false: tagmosis is the process through which animals became segmented.

A

false

38
Q

True or False: The exocuticle is present everywhere on arthropods.

A

False: the cuticle does not have exocuticle everywhere, only in places it is needed

39
Q

True or False: The larger the arthropod the thicker the exoskeleton would need to be.

A

true

40
Q

True or false: the respiratory system of insects also imposes a size limitation.

A

True: because the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide out of the body in insects, insects cannot grow beyond a certain size without some of their tissue being deprived of oxygen

41
Q

True or false: the wings of arthropods evolved independently and are not modified appendages.

A

true

42
Q

What are compound eyes made up of?

A

single units called ommatidia

43
Q

What are the four layers of the cuticle?

A
  1. epicuticle
  2. exocuticle
  3. endocuticle
  4. epidermis
44
Q

What are the functions of the foregut?

A
  • ingestion
  • food storage in the crop
  • mechanical digestion on the proventriculus
45
Q

What are the hairs on insects called?

A

setae

46
Q

What are the steps of molting?

A
  1. the endocuticle is re-absorbed
  2. epi- and exocuticle are discarded
  3. arthropods expands in size by inflating air bags inside the body
  4. the new exoskeleton sclerotizes
47
Q

What are the three main body parts of insects?

A

head, abdomen, thorax

48
Q

What are the three major functions of the exoskleton?

A
  1. Provide support needed for movement
  2. Provide protection similar to a protective armor
  3. Prevents water loss, an essential trait for any land dwelling animal
49
Q

What are the three sections that insect digestive system can be divided into?

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
50
Q

What are the visual organs of spiders

A

ocelli

51
Q

What does the endocuticle do to benefit arthropods?

A

Provides flexibility where needed ex. in joints

52
Q

What does the epicuticle do to benefit the arthropod?

A

It consists of a wax and cement layer and provides waterproofing and color.
In some species chemicals important for species recognition are present in this layer as well

53
Q

What does the epidermis do to benefit arthropods?

A

It is a layer of living cells that secrete material that makes up the rest of the cuticle

54
Q

What does the exocuticle do to benefit the arthropod?

A
  • provides the support and most protection
55
Q

What does the exoskeleton of arthropods do for them?

A

Prove protection and support

56
Q

What does the gastric caeca in the midgut do?

A
  • produce digestive enzymes which cause chemical digestion in the ventriculus
  • also where nutrients are absorbed into the haemolymph
57
Q

What does the haemolymph transport?

A
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • immune cells/proteins
  • waste products
58
Q

What do mosquitos use Johnston’s organ for?

A

to detect wing beat frequencies of other mosquitos prior to mating

59
Q

What do ommatidia consist of?

A

a single lens, a single retinal cell, and a single signal to the “brain”

60
Q

What do tracheoles do?

A

deliver oxygen directly to the tissues

61
Q

What is arthropod skin called?

A

cuticle

62
Q

What is not a complete characteristic of all arthropods?

A

complete metamorphosis

63
Q

What is segmentation?

A

the division of body plans into a series of repetitive segments, with internal organs repeated in each segment

64
Q

What is the blood of arthropods called?

A

Haemolymph

65
Q

What is the common visual organ of insects called?

A

ocellus

66
Q

What is the cuticle/exoskeleton made up of?

A

Chitin (a protein similar to keratin in mammal hair and nails)

67
Q

What is the haemocoel

A

body cavity

68
Q

What is the limitation of the exosleketon?

A

Growth through molting
The exoskeleton keeps arthropods small

69
Q

What is the most dominant visual organ in insects?

A

compound eyes

70
Q

What is the process of fusion of segments called?

A

tagmosis

71
Q

What is the purpose of Malpighian tubules?

A
  • absorbing salts and nitrogenous waste products from the haemolymph and depositing this in the hindgut
72
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

Open circulatory system

73
Q

What occurs in the hindgut?

A
  • nitrogen waste products are added to the feces
  • water is reabsorbed (in most insects)
  • feces is extruded
74
Q

What role do setae play in sensory perception?

A
  • movement (touch)
  • taste
  • heat perception
75
Q

Where are organs that detect movement present in a wide variety of insects?

A

the legs

76
Q

Where did insect wings evolve from?

A

protuberance of the thorax

77
Q

Where does the insect olfaction (smell) primarily take place?

A

in the antennae and maxillary palp (and possibly the proboscis)

78
Q

Why does the exoskeleton keep arthropods small?

A

The ratio between surface (= exoskeleton) and volume (= insect weight) decreases rapidly when an object becomes larger

79
Q

Why is CO2 perception in mosquitos important?

A

host seeking

80
Q
A

Entomology 219 (5 decks)

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