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FN 3373 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do wee need ATP?

A

Need ATP to be able to do things

Why we need atp so that contraction of the muscles can happen
-So the macros that we eat have the fuel to harness the ATP

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2
Q

Where does most ATP go towards?

A

Most ATP during the day is not going to physical activity,

-mostly goes to Na/K ATPase to help maintain electron balance

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3
Q

Which muscle does ATP work the most on?

A

Skeletal muscle only because those are the ones that require control

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4
Q

How does ATP work on muscles?

A

Making the muscles shorter and pulls on the bones to raise bones

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5
Q

What is the structure of a muscle?

A

Many muscle cells make up a fibre, inside the muscle cell are the myofibrils

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6
Q

What is the area called when the axon synapses with the muscle fibre?

A

Neuro muscular junction

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the muscle?

A

Units of a myofibril are called sarcomere

-They are made up actin and myosin

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8
Q

What are the 2 kinds of myofibrils?

A

Myosin (thick) has the head which moves the myosin along the actin (thin )further shortening the sarcomere

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9
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundle of musclee cells and within that are multiple muscle fibres and the myofibirls are within that

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10
Q

What is the sarcoma?

A

The outside of the muscle fibres
○ Continues deep within called tubule
○ Where the signal is received

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11
Q

Where in the muscle is the Ca ions stored?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

How is the Ca ions released?

A

T tubule receives the signal down within the muscle cells and triggers the receptors on the Sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca which causes the contraction
○ These also allow insulin to signal the muscle cells. GLUT 4 does to the surface to bring in the glucose from the blood

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13
Q

What does the myosin head bind too?

A

The actin filament

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14
Q

What 2 filaments bind to actin?

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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15
Q

What is the purpose of Troponin and tropomyosin?

A

Troponin is attached to tropomyosin, and when troponin is bound to Ca it falls off and tropomyosin is removed off of the actin binding sites

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16
Q

What are the 6 steps to the power stroke?

A
  1. Terminal cistermnae and releases Ca. Ca binds to troponin and casues a conformational change in tropomyosin to move and expose the myosin head binding site so the myosin heads can bind
  2. Myosin head binds to actin binding sites
    ○ ATP normally on the heads and it has to be hydrolyzed to become ADP and the P
  3. Release of ADP and Pi causes the power stroke hydrolysis of ATP causes the power stroke.. Casues the head to flex and the actin to slide acorss the myosinf
  4. ATP causes myosin head to be released. Head is detached from the actin
  5. ATP is hydrolized, re-energizes the head and its ready to go
  6. Ca are pumped back into the terminal cycsternae/sarcoplasmic reticulum (this requires ATP, going against the concentration gradient). This casues the troponin/tropomyosin complet to change conformaiton and block the actin head binding site on actin
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17
Q

At the neuromuscular junction what neurotransmitter is released?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

What is the cofactor for ATP hydrolization?

A

Mg

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19
Q

When does the process of contraction stop?

A

When Ca goes back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Where does the body traps ATP?

A

Carbs
Protein
Fat

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21
Q

How is the energy fromATP released?

A

In relatively small amounts by a controlled set of enzymatic reactions as needed

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22
Q

Why is ATP released in small amounts?

A

Allows for less loss of energy from heat and greater efficiency in energy transformation

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23
Q

Which process are we making ATP for?

A

Mostly making ATP in the e- transport chain.

-Harness the energy from food to do this

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24
Q

Which process does ATP DERIVED FROM ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC MEANS?

A

Glycolysis and glycogenolysis
TCA
Oxidative phosphorylation

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25
Q

What molecules is greater than ATP?

A

Creatine P

  • is 4-6x greater than ATP
  • CP regenerates ATP
  • limited in supply
  • does not require oxygen
  • Estimated to last for seconds of activity
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26
Q

How much ATP do we have on hand?

A

Can keep a small amount of ATP handy and readily to use but the P-P bond is volatile.
–We mostly make ATP on demand cause its not really stable

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27
Q

What is the hierarchy in which we use ATP?

A

○ Use the first couple seconds worth
○ Phosphocreatine can re-energize ADP. ADP takes a P from phosphocreatine to make ATP
○ Phosphate level phosphorelation: renergizing/.generating ATP without the ETC, anarobicall. Only until our systems figures our which pathway we are going to use to finish out the activity

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28
Q

How is ATP generated from the macros?

A

• Protein is not something we use a lot of, we don’t want to use a lot of it anyways. Has a defined function in the body

• Blood glucose and glycogen (muscle)
○ Blood comes from the blood and the liver or outside food
○ More limiting than fat

•For fat it can be blood fat which is adipose tissue rogiginating

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29
Q

How do we use fuel differentially at different physical activity intensities?

A
  • We are always using all fuel
  • At lower intensity and a lot of O2, so we use fat

More carb and glycogen used at higher intensities and becomes more limiting to us. This is due to O2 (lack of). Need to rely more on anaerobic processes for ATP cause we don’t make a lot of ATP through glycolysis

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30
Q

In the metabolic process, what do end up getting?

A

ATP
NADH
FADH
-last 2 are electron carriers

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31
Q

What do we get when we break down fat?

A

Breaking down fat traps electron to use in ETC to make us ATP

32
Q

Form the metabolic process, the ATP generated, can it be used immediately?

A

Yes, The ATP can be used right away but the NADH and FADH must be further processed to make ATP
-this further processing is done in the mitochondria of the cell

33
Q

How much ATP are generated from NADH and FADH?

A

3 ATP per NADH

2ATP per FADH

-has to do with where they enter in the ETC AND HOW MANY ELECTRONS THEY HAVE

34
Q

How much ATP is generated anaerobically and aerobically from carbs?

A

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose yields 2-3 ATP from glycolysis

Aerobic breakdown of glucose yields 36-38 ATP
-TCA cycle and electron transport chain

35
Q

How are carbs broken down?

A

Glycolysis

-they dont go through the ETC

36
Q

How is glycogen stored?

A

• Glycogen is in granules, made in the shape of a tree canopy
○ Only 14 tiers big
○How they go into cell: looks like a string of pearls and rely on t-tubules to deliver the signal to the muscle saying that we need to glycogen

37
Q

How is glucose released form glycogen?

A

• Every glucose at the end of the branch is available to be cleaved

  • Glycogenphosphorolase cleaves
  • Have to convert to glucose 6-phosphate to go into glycolysis
38
Q

Where does G6P can go back to glycogen or into glycolysis?

A

In the muscle, (don’t have the enzyme in muscle to convert G6P into glucose) phosphorelates the glucose right away so it isnt able to escape

39
Q

Where in the body can take G6P back to glucose and release it into the blood and the muscle can also use it?

A

In the liver

40
Q

When you start with glycogen where does it come into glycocolysis as?

A

G6P

41
Q

What happens when blood glucose comes into muscle cell?

A

Is phosphorylated to use blood glucose and you have to use an ATP (already -1ATP) during phosphorylation

42
Q

What is Phosphofructokinase?

A

This step invests another ATP (-1ATP for both blood glucose and glycogen)

○ This is the major control point of glycolysis, turns it on and off and controlled by the energy status of your cell
-Take glucose and cleave into 2 3carbon molecule

43
Q

What is the absolute end product of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate and this can go into the TCH cycle (1 glucose yields 2 pyruvate) but this only happens when we have O2

44
Q

What happens to pyruvate if no O2 is present?

A

○ If no O2 pyruvate goes to lactate which uses the NADHs to conver it to the lactate

45
Q

What is the relationship with lactate and training?

A
  • As you train you get better at getting rid of lactate
  • Goes into the blood to the liver and can make glucose in the liver out of it
  • Muscle supplies the lactate for the liver to make glucose, but we also neeed to amintain the blood sugar levels
46
Q

How do NAD and FAD get their e-s put on?

A

• Decarboxylates and dehydrogenates

○ Start taking the electrons and putting them on NAD and FAD which those move to ETC

47
Q

How does the pyruvate get into the mitochondria?

A

○ Mito has a double membrane
○ Pyruvate comes in with H ions. It is first decarbosylated goes from 3 to 2 Carbone and this is acetyl CoA. And fats come int to the TCA via fats
○ We make a NADH in this process
○ The enzyme system uses a lot of the B-vitamins to work as cofactors
○ Per pyruvate we get 4NADHs x3 gives us 12 ATP. And have 1 FAD per pyruvate so that’s 14 total ATP per pyruvates . All these go into the ETC
○ Invest GTP to make one ATP

48
Q

How do we get citrate?

A

Acetyl co a binds with oxaloacetate

49
Q

What can oxaloacetate be?

A

Limiting?

50
Q

How can be oxaloacetate be limiting?

A

We turn the TCA cycle up some intemediates become limitin and the amino acids can come in and feed into the TCA cycle for us to keep the cycle replenished with all the intermediates
- Branch chain amino acids help here, this is where the protein comes in

51
Q

What is the final step in the ETC?

A

• Complex 2 in ETC is a step in the TCA cycle
• Have all the NADHs coming into the system
○ Start to donate e-s along each complex, and this energy is used to pump protons into the mitochondrial space (intermembrane space, between the 2 membranes). Creating a huge positive charge in the space. This difference in charges drives the ATPsynthase enzyme
○ Use the Hs in the ATPsynthase enzyme to make ATP
○ At the core of these complexes is Fe, it holds on to the e- and give them away so its passed down each complex

52
Q

What does one glucose yield?

A

6 CO2

4 ATP

  • 2 from glycolysis
  • 2 from TCA

10 NADH

  • 2 glycolysis
  • 2 PDH
  • 6TCA

2FAH
-TCA only

53
Q

Intotal how much ATP is generated from glucose oxidation?

A

38 (only if its 100% efficient, sometimes the Hs go somewhere else of is lost as heat)

Each NADH= 3ATP
FADH= 2ATP

54
Q

How much fuel does fat have compared to glucose?

A

90-110,000kcal of energy from fat

200kcal from glycogen

55
Q

What are the sources of fat?

A

Intramuscular TG (fat in muscles)

TG in lipoprotein complexes (LDL, HDL, VLDL contribute some but its really small and is used for other things mostly )

FFA from adipose tissue (Where we like to store it, visceral and subcutaneous)

56
Q

How do we get fuel from fat?

A

• Fat enters as acetyl CoA but goes through beta oxidation
○ Inside the muscle we have an enzyme that breaks it down and sensitive to epinephrin
○ Outside cell from adipose tissues. Have transporters that bring in mitochondria to do the oxidation

57
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

To Take fatty acid and cleaving 2 carbons at a time which = acetyl CoA
○ Every 2 carbons you make you get FADH and an NADH
○ Going to get 5 ATP per 2 carbons 2 from FADH and 3 from NADH
○ 1 palmatate 129 ATP but you need to have O2 to do this

58
Q

When participating in different activity levels when do we see the shift in different energy sources?

A

• Shift is happening around the 75% intensity mark where we see the % of fat decrease and % glycogen increase

When you go from low to high intensity you start to rely on energy sources that are in the muscle

59
Q

The switch from lipids to glucose, why does it happen?

A
  • Reduced blood flow to adipose tissue
  • Leads to reduced availability of FFAs to muscle
  • Reductions in lipid transport (into the muscle and mitochondria)
  • Reductions in intramuscular TG hydrolysis
60
Q

What happens when you exercise at higher intensity?

A

The cardio and respiration system respods and its all to get O2 to the muscle
• Signals from brain and blood start to divert blood flow, and gets diverted away from your gut and toward your muscles
• Reduced blood to adipose that means we have less fat delviered from the adipose to the muscle, we are then going to have to use intermuscular triglycerides within the muscle
○ There is less uptake, the transport mechanisms arent working
○The ability to use intramuscleuar fat is affected negatively, so we have to go to glycogen and carbs

61
Q

Do you get more ATP with glucose or with fat?

A

Per O2 you get more ATP with Glucose than with Fat.
□ If O2 is limiting, per molecule of O2 you get more ATP with carbs and energetically more efficient to use carbs instead of fat
® Ketones, carbs and fat

62
Q

How much energy do you get from protein?

A

Protein contributes very little to energy 5-15%

-Free aa pool is small; must come from liver tissue and non-contractile proteins in the muscle

63
Q

How can you get fuel from protein?

A

Muscle can perform transamination reactions

  • anapleurosis
  • glucose-alanine cycle
64
Q

What AA can we use to make glucose?

A

Alanine

-but we burn this as fuel to support anapleurosis

65
Q

What are the training effects on metabolism with endurance exercise?

A

Reduction in RER or RQ

-shift downward at the same absolute work load

66
Q

What is the RER or RQ?

A 
The ratio between VCO2 and VO2
Indicates use of fuel
-0.7=fat use
0.85=mix of CHO and fat use
1.0= CHO use
67
Q

What is the shift in the respiratory quotient?

A

The volume of CO2 and O2 you consume

  • If the ration is close to 1 its pure carbs
  • Usually there is a mix of carb and fat
68
Q

When you become good at working at a high work load what do you become good at?

A

You become good at sparing glucose and glycogen and you are using fat more
○ People can go for long periods of time without using glycogen

69
Q

Why does the shift from fat exists when you’re training effects on metabolism with endurance exercise?

A
  • Clearance of lactate so no acid build up
  • Relying less on carbs, burning less in the muscle and sparing liver glycogen as well
  • More mitos more oxidative capacity, muscle fibres have more slow twitch and are oxidative fibres so they use fat instead of glycogen
70
Q

When do we see an increase in fat oxidation?

A

Can see changes in the beta oxidation enzymes
• Athletes They have more fat in muscle than someone who is untrained
○ More intramuscular triglyceride because they have all the enzymes and mitos to burn it all
○ If they stopped triaing all these levels would go down

71
Q

What do we see an increase in after exercise?

A

Increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS)

72
Q

What is the MPS dependent on?

A

Volume and frequency of activity

  • too little= no increase in MPS
  • Too much= reductions in MPS (diet dependent)
73
Q

With training, changes in MPS occur when?

A

Peaks at 2-3 hours for trained individuals, then quickly reverts to baseline

Peaks at 16hrs for untrained individuals then revert back to baseline more slowly
○ Has to do with the efficiency of the enzymes in the muscle

74
Q

What is the trick with MPS?

A

Finding a balance between training and diet
○ Train too little not a lot of MPS
○ If diet isn’t sufficient little MPS

75
Q

For resistance, what changes to we typically see in the body in relation to metabolism ?

A

Changes in neurons and the muscle it self

76
Q

For endurance, what changes to we typically see in the body in relation to metabolism ?

A

Anything to do with the mitochondria, blood flow we are going to see improvement when you look at endurance training

FN 3373 (9 decks)

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