Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the advantages of anthropometry and body comp data?

Answer 1

Easy to determine and obtain from people (ht, Wt)

Many are quick safe and non invasive

Useful to:
-estimate nutritional status
-evaluate growth
determine response to Tx
track changes over time

Question 2

What are limitations to anthropometry and body comp data measurements?

Answer 2

Measurement errors:

• valid, reproducuible, accurate?
• Calibrated?
• Protocol for measuring
• Trained technician

Question 3

What are the limitations to anthropometry and body comp data?

Answer 3

Limit in:
Interpretation of parameters
Affected by hydration status
ethnic variation
Familial variation 
Environmental
Cant identify a specific nutrient deficiency
Self reporting not as accurate as measuring

Question 4

What results an underestimation of BMI?

Answer 4

Underestimation of weight

Over estimation of height

Question 5

What is anthropometry?

Answer 5

Evaluation fo body size, wt, proportions:

• Ht
• Wt
• Circumference
• Elbow breadth
• Skin fold thickness

Question 6

What kind of calculations do we use?

Answer 6

Indexs
IBW
BMI
-with raw data and compare them with standard norms

Question 7

Why do we compare data with standards and norms?

Answer 7

• Indicate things
• Reference data
• Standard of growth and development

Question 8

Why do wee look at comparisons over time?

Answer 8

Allows to see changes
-rate of growth, change in wt and circumference

Helpful to predict trends

Helpful to estimate nutrition adequacy

Question 9

Why dow e use ht and wt?

Answer 9

Easy to obtain
Useful to help evaluate nutrition status and growth
Gage stunting

Question 10

What is stunting?

Answer 10

Inadequate stature or inappropriate height growth

• length/stature for age below 3rd% on growth charts is slow
• but appropriate for weight for height.

May reflect long term malnutrition in infants, children and teenagers

Question 11

What anthropomorphic changes are the most sensitive?

Answer 11

Weight
Height
Head Circumference 
-most to least sensitive 
-these will be affected if there is longterm nutritional inadequacies

Question 12

What is wasting?

Answer 12

When wt for length is below 3rd% OR BMI for age is below 5% on growth charts

• can reflect recent short-term malnutrition or dehydration in infants kids and teens
• reflects recent nutritional intake
• gross estimation of muscle and fat stores

Question 13

What are the different weights we can account for/

Answer 13

CBU/UBW
Wt at admission
Wt change, %Wt change
IBW
%IBW
BMI
Wt History (with or without trying)

Question 14

What is a measuring rod?

Answer 14

Direct measurement using a statiometer

• standing height
• can star between 2-3yo

Question 15

How do we measure infant-2yo?

Answer 15

Laying down measurement because its hard to get them into the position you want to measure them in

Question 16

What is the procedure for statiometer measuring?

Answer 16

Remove shoes
Stand straight with spine against wall
Shoulders relaxed, arms at side
Heels together, flat feet
Heels butt and shoulders touching wall
Head and eyes looking forward (Frankfort Horizontal Plane)
Compress haiir

Question 17

What is a recumbent measure?

Answer 17

Measuring length when laying down flat

-crown to heal measurement

Question 18

What is the procedure for measuring length when using a ruled board?

Answer 18

Lay infant on board
Place head at non movable end
Stretch child
Hold head straight
Place movable end against bottom of feet
Measure from crown to feet

Question 19

What are indirect measurements?

Answer 19

Used to calculate estimated Ht if patient is

• bed/chain bound
• Not able to stand/stand straight

Question 20

What is the procedure for knee height?

Answer 20

Bend both left knee and ankle at 90 degrees
Put fused blade of a large sliding caliber under heel
Put movable blade of calipe over anterior surface of thigh
Measure distance with caliber shaft parallel to tibia and fibula

Question 21

When doing knee measurements which position is best for thee patient to be in?

Answer 21

Supine position (laying facing up)
Gives more accuracy then sitting

Question 22

What is the procedure for measuring arm span ?

Answer 22

Stretch arms out from body at 90 degrees

Measure distance from tip of middle finger on right hand to tip of middle finger on left

Question 23

why do we measure arm span?

Answer 23

Reflects maximal height of adults

• may not be accurate in africana Americans and asians
• predictive measurement

Question 24

How do we measure body weight?

Answer 24

Various scales (some need to be zeroed out)

• electronic
• balanc beam

Spring shouldn’t be used because of inaccuracy over time

Question 25

What is the procedure for standing scales?

Answer 25

Make sure scale is calibrated
Zero scale
Remove shoes and heavy clothing
Stand still in centre

Question 26

When measuring body weight what are we accounting for?

Answer 26

Amputations

• account for what the total % would have been of their real weight for the removed portion
• predicted weight

Question 27

How do you estimate BW that is unavailable from anthropometric measures?

Answer 27

Using equations

• knee ht
• mid upper arm circumference
• calf circumference
• sub-scapular skin fold thickness

Question 28

Who do we measure head circumference for?

Answer 28

Infant and toddler up to 36months

-based and compared to growth charts

Question 29

What are the extreme ranges for head growth growth charts?

Answer 29

less than 3rd% and greater than 97th

• can lead to potential health nutrition or developmental problems
• severe malnutrition decreases head circumference growth

Question 30

What is thee procedure for head growth measurement?

Answer 30

Hold head still
Put cloth measures tape around most prominent part of occiput and around forehead abode supraorbital ridge
tighten and hold

Question 31

Why do we like to know waist circumference?

Answer 31

Correlated with visceral fat stores

Helps to predict risk of diseases associated with obesity

Question 32

What makes a waste circumference measurement not accurate?

Answer 32

BMI greater than 25

Hy less than 5 ft

Question 33

What is the difference between android and gyroid obestiy?

Answer 33

Android is more apple shaped

Gynoid is more pear

-only looking at distribution of fat

Question 34

Which is worse, android or gynoid?

Answer 34

Android because it contains more visceral fat and this type has more fat in the upper body located were the organs are

Question 35

What is the procedure of waist circumference?

Answer 35

Stand straight, abdomen relaxed, feet together and arms at side
Measure distance around smaller area of body, above belly button and below ribs when patient breathes out

Question 36

What is the procedure for hip circumference measurement?

Answer 36

Stand straight, abdomen relax and feet together

Measure distance around largest area of hips with tape measure

Question 37

What is MAC?

Answer 37

Mid upper arm

-reflects skeletal muscle bone and subcutaneous fat

Question 38

what is the procedure for MAC?

Answer 38

Stand or sit
Bend arm to 90 degrees over belly button
Measure distance between acromion process of scapula and tip of elbow
Determine and mark the mid upper arm point
Use tape measure to determine arm circumference at the halfway point f

Question 39

what is thee calf circumference procedure?

Answer 39

Stand or sit
Heel on floor, 20 cm apart
Measure around largest part of calf, perpendicular to long axis
If sitting, bend kneee at 90 degree

Question 40

How do you measure frames size and what is the procedure for that?

Answer 40

Elbow breadth
-gives us an idea of body frame size

Flex elbow 90 degrees
Point slicing caliber blades up
Measure distance between epicondyles of humerus
Comparee to standards

Question 41

What is another measure for body frame size?

Answer 41

Wrist measurement

Measure around smallest area of wrist (distal to styloid process and toward thee fingers