Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the advantages of anthropometry and body comp data?
Easy to determine and obtain from people (ht, Wt)
Many are quick safe and non invasive
Useful to: -estimate nutritional status -evaluate growth determine response to Tx track changes over time
What are limitations to anthropometry and body comp data measurements?
Measurement errors:
- valid, reproducuible, accurate?
- Calibrated?
- Protocol for measuring
- Trained technician
What are the limitations to anthropometry and body comp data?
Limit in: Interpretation of parameters Affected by hydration status ethnic variation Familial variation Environmental Cant identify a specific nutrient deficiency Self reporting not as accurate as measuring
What results an underestimation of BMI?
Underestimation of weight
Over estimation of height
What is anthropometry?
Evaluation fo body size, wt, proportions:
- Ht
- Wt
- Circumference
- Elbow breadth
- Skin fold thickness
What kind of calculations do we use?
Indexs
IBW
BMI
-with raw data and compare them with standard norms
Why do we compare data with standards and norms?
- Indicate things
- Reference data
- Standard of growth and development
Why do wee look at comparisons over time?
Allows to see changes
-rate of growth, change in wt and circumference
Helpful to predict trends
Helpful to estimate nutrition adequacy
Why dow e use ht and wt?
Easy to obtain
Useful to help evaluate nutrition status and growth
Gage stunting
What is stunting?
Inadequate stature or inappropriate height growth
- length/stature for age below 3rd% on growth charts is slow
- but appropriate for weight for height.
May reflect long term malnutrition in infants, children and teenagers
What anthropomorphic changes are the most sensitive?
Weight Height Head Circumference -most to least sensitive -these will be affected if there is longterm nutritional inadequacies
What is wasting?
When wt for length is below 3rd% OR BMI for age is below 5% on growth charts
- can reflect recent short-term malnutrition or dehydration in infants kids and teens
- reflects recent nutritional intake
- gross estimation of muscle and fat stores
What are the different weights we can account for/
CBU/UBW Wt at admission Wt change, %Wt change IBW %IBW BMI Wt History (with or without trying)
What is a measuring rod?
Direct measurement using a statiometer
- standing height
- can star between 2-3yo
How do we measure infant-2yo?
Laying down measurement because its hard to get them into the position you want to measure them in
What is the procedure for statiometer measuring?
Remove shoes Stand straight with spine against wall Shoulders relaxed, arms at side Heels together, flat feet Heels butt and shoulders touching wall Head and eyes looking forward (Frankfort Horizontal Plane) Compress haiir
What is a recumbent measure?
Measuring length when laying down flat
-crown to heal measurement
What is the procedure for measuring length when using a ruled board?
Lay infant on board Place head at non movable end Stretch child Hold head straight Place movable end against bottom of feet Measure from crown to feet
What are indirect measurements?
Used to calculate estimated Ht if patient is
- bed/chain bound
- Not able to stand/stand straight
What is the procedure for knee height?
Bend both left knee and ankle at 90 degrees
Put fused blade of a large sliding caliber under heel
Put movable blade of calipe over anterior surface of thigh
Measure distance with caliber shaft parallel to tibia and fibula
When doing knee measurements which position is best for thee patient to be in?
Supine position (laying facing up) Gives more accuracy then sitting
What is the procedure for measuring arm span ?
Stretch arms out from body at 90 degrees
Measure distance from tip of middle finger on right hand to tip of middle finger on left
why do we measure arm span?
Reflects maximal height of adults
- may not be accurate in africana Americans and asians
- predictive measurement
How do we measure body weight?
Various scales (some need to be zeroed out)
- electronic
- balanc beam
Spring shouldn’t be used because of inaccuracy over time
What is the procedure for standing scales?
Make sure scale is calibrated
Zero scale
Remove shoes and heavy clothing
Stand still in centre
When measuring body weight what are we accounting for?
Amputations
- account for what the total % would have been of their real weight for the removed portion
- predicted weight
How do you estimate BW that is unavailable from anthropometric measures?
Using equations
- knee ht
- mid upper arm circumference
- calf circumference
- sub-scapular skin fold thickness
Who do we measure head circumference for?
Infant and toddler up to 36months
-based and compared to growth charts
What are the extreme ranges for head growth growth charts?
less than 3rd% and greater than 97th
- can lead to potential health nutrition or developmental problems
- severe malnutrition decreases head circumference growth
What is thee procedure for head growth measurement?
Hold head still
Put cloth measures tape around most prominent part of occiput and around forehead abode supraorbital ridge
tighten and hold
Why do we like to know waist circumference?
Correlated with visceral fat stores
Helps to predict risk of diseases associated with obesity
What makes a waste circumference measurement not accurate?
BMI greater than 25
Hy less than 5 ft
What is the difference between android and gyroid obestiy?
Android is more apple shaped
Gynoid is more pear
-only looking at distribution of fat
Which is worse, android or gynoid?
Android because it contains more visceral fat and this type has more fat in the upper body located were the organs are
What is the procedure of waist circumference?
Stand straight, abdomen relaxed, feet together and arms at side
Measure distance around smaller area of body, above belly button and below ribs when patient breathes out
What is the procedure for hip circumference measurement?
Stand straight, abdomen relax and feet together
Measure distance around largest area of hips with tape measure
What is MAC?
Mid upper arm
-reflects skeletal muscle bone and subcutaneous fat
what is the procedure for MAC?
Stand or sit
Bend arm to 90 degrees over belly button
Measure distance between acromion process of scapula and tip of elbow
Determine and mark the mid upper arm point
Use tape measure to determine arm circumference at the halfway point f
what is thee calf circumference procedure?
Stand or sit
Heel on floor, 20 cm apart
Measure around largest part of calf, perpendicular to long axis
If sitting, bend kneee at 90 degree
How do you measure frames size and what is the procedure for that?
Elbow breadth
-gives us an idea of body frame size
Flex elbow 90 degrees
Point slicing caliber blades up
Measure distance between epicondyles of humerus
Comparee to standards
What is another measure for body frame size?
Wrist measurement
Measure around smallest area of wrist (distal to styloid process and toward thee fingers
