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Mosier Neuro > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord is a continuation of _______

A

The brainstem

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2
Q

Where does the solid spinal cord end and at what vertebral level, in adults?

A

Ends at the Conus Medullaris around L1-L2

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3
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris tethered to? And by what?

A
  • Tethered to the coccyx

- By the Filum Terminale

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4
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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5
Q

What 3 general components of the nervous system do the meningeal layers cover? And where do they continue to?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Nerve roots
  4. Continue into sacrum
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6
Q

What 3 things make up the Cauda Equina?

A

Spinal nerve pairs from:

  1. L2
  2. Sacral nerves
  3. Coccygeal nerve
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7
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery(s) arise from and extend to?

Is it single or paired?

A
  • Arises from the vertebral artery
  • Extends to the conus Medullaris
  • Single artery
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8
Q

Where does the posterior spinal artery(s) arise from, and extend to?

Single or paired?

A
  • Arises from the vertebral artery
  • Extends to the conus Medullaris
  • Paired
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9
Q

Where do the radicular arteries arise from? (2)

A
  1. Intercostal arteries

2. Lumbar arteries

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10
Q

What 3 sets of arteries supply the spinal cord?

A
  1. Anterior spinal artery
  2. Posterior spinal arteries
  3. Radicular arteries
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11
Q

What are dorsal roots?

Where do they arise from?

A
  • SENSORY fibers

- Rising from the cell bodies in the Dorsal Root Ganglia

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12
Q

What are Ventral roots?

Where do they arise from?

A
  • Motor fibers

- Arise from the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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13
Q

What 2 things combine to form spinal nerves?

A
  1. Dorsal (sensory) roots

2. Ventral (motor) roots

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14
Q

Where are interneuron cell bodies located?

What do they connect?

What are they responsible for?

A
  • Located in the dorsal horn of the spine
  • Connect the sensory & motor neurons
  • Responsible for reflex responses to stimuli
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15
Q

What do mechanoreceptors detect and what is an example?

A
  • Detect mechanical deformation of the receptor or of cells adjacent to the receptor
  • ex: Baroreceptors
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16
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect? (4)

A

Taste, smell, oxygen levels, pH

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17
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect?

A

Temperature

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18
Q

What do nocioreceptors detect? (2)

A
  1. Pain

2. Damage to tissue (physical / chemical)

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19
Q

What do electromagnetic receptors detect?

A

Light on the retina

20
Q

What do proprioreceptors detect?

A

Degree of stretch in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, & ligaments

21
Q

Cervical spinal nerves exist from ________ the respective vertebral body

A

Above

22
Q

Spinal nerves, with the exception of cervical spinal nerves, emerge from the spinal cord ________ the same- numbered vertebral body

A

Below

23
Q

Where does spinal nerve root 1 exit from?

A

Above C1 vertebral body

24
Q

Where does spinal nerve root 2 exit from?

A

Between C1 & C2 vertebral bodies

25
Q

Where does spinal nerve root 8 exit from?

A

Below C7 vertebral body

26
Q

What is dermatome T4 associated with?

A

Nipple level

27
Q

What is dermatome T6 associated with?

A

Level of the tip of the xiphoid process

28
Q

What is dermatome level T10 associated with?

A

Level of the umbilicus

29
Q

What nerve is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm and where does it emerge from?

A
  • Phrenic nerve

- Emerges from C3-C5

30
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

Where ones it arise from?

How is it primarily injured during sx?

A
  • Innervates the upper limbs & shoulder
  • Arises from C5-T1 nerve roots
  • Improper positioning - primarily stretch injuries
31
Q
  • What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

- How should pts be positioned to avoid ulnar nerve injury?

A
  • Innervates the muscles of the hand that ADDuct the thumb and pinky finger
  • Damaged with improper positioning of arms
  • Abducted arms MUST have supinated hands
32
Q

What does the lumbar plexus arise from?

What does it innervate?

A
  • Arises from spinal nerves L1 - L4

- Innervates anterior & medial muscles of thigh

33
Q

What does the femoral nerve provide sensory innervation from?

Motor innervation to?

A
  • Sensory innervation to the anterior thigh

- Motor innervation to the quadriceps muscles

34
Q

Where does the Sacral plexus arise from?

A

L4 - S4

35
Q

Where does the sacral plexus provide sensory information from?

Motor innervation to?

A

Sensory information from posterior pelvis, posterior thigh; anterior, posterior & lateral leg

Motor innervation to muscles of pelvis & lower extremity (gluteal, posterior femoral, lower leg & foot)

36
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve arise from?

What 2 nerves does it form?

A
  • Arises from L4 - S3

- Tibial Nerve & common peroneal (fibular) nerve

37
Q

Give 2 examples of how the common peroneal nerve can be damaged during sx & what does it cause?

A
  • Damaged while in stirrups or in lateral position

- Damage can cause foot drop (inability to dorsiflex)

38
Q

What are the 2 ascending tracts?

What kind of information do they provide?

A
  1. Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
  2. Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway
  • Carry sensory impulses toward the brain
39
Q

How many orders of neurons are associated with the ascending tracts?

A

3

40
Q

Where do the first order neurons originate & terminate?

A

Originate in periphery

Terminate in spinal cord

41
Q

Where do the second order neurons ascend? Where do they terminate?

A
  • Ascend in the spinal cord

- Terminate in the thalamus

42
Q

Where do the third order neurons project to?

A

Specific cortex in the brain

43
Q

What are the Descending Tract(s) & what is carried?

A

Corticospinal tract

  • carries ??sensory/motor?? impulses away from the brain
44
Q

How many orders of neurons are associated with the Descending Tract(s)?

A

2 - upper & lower motor neurons

45
Q

Where do the upper motor neurons originate & terminate?

A

(First order descending neurons)
Originate in the brain
Terminate in the spinal cord

46
Q

Where do the lower motor neurons originate & terminate?

A

(Second order descending neurons)
Originate in the spinal cord
Terminate at the neuro-motor junction

Mosier Neuro (6 decks)

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