Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mosier Neuro > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the intracranial vault does each component make? Brain, Blood and CSF

A

Brain: 80 - 85%
Blood: 5 - 10%
CSF: 10 - 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 main blood supplies to the brain?

A

Bilateral Carotid arteries

Bilateral Vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the left carotid artery arise from?

A

The aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the right carotid after arise from?

A

The Innominate Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the carotid arteries bifurcate into?(2)

A
  1. External carotid artery

2. Internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

A

At the base of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the External carotid artery enter the skull?

A

It does NOT enter the skull, it remains superficial to the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 3 main areas do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A
  1. Circle of Willis
  2. Ophthalmic artery (supplies the eye)
  3. Bifurcates into the anterior & middle cerebral arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and supply the Circle of Willis?

A

The vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

Subclavian arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What part of the brain do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

Circle of Willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe how the venous blood of the brain drains?

A

Drains into the VENOUS SINUSES which lie between the layers of the DURA MATER & drain into the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe 4 important aspects of venous sinuses of the brain:

A
  1. Valveless
  2. Blood can flow back & forth
  3. Negative pressure (air embolism)
  4. Little influence by autonomic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe why there brain is subject to air embolisms?

A

Venous sinuses have negative pressure, which can lead to air embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the meninges cover (2) and what do the consist of (3)?

A
  • Covers BRAIN & SPINAL CORD

- Consists of DURA MATER, ARACHNOID MEMBRANE, PIA MATER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The ____A_____ is anchored to the brain by ____B_____, which forms the _____C_____.

A

A. Pia mater
B. Astrocytes
C. Blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Blood-brain barrier allows passage/transport of: (4 - with examples)

A
  1. Small molecules (H2O, O2, CO2)
  2. Lipophilic molecules (EtOH, heroin)
  3. Passive transport of glucose
  4. Active transport of amino acids/NT precursors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The blood-brain barrier PREVENTS the passage of: (2)

A
  1. Large molecules (dopamine)

2. Charge (ionized) molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the dura mater consist of? What is between these layers?
What is the function of the dura mater?

A
  • Consists of outer & inner layer
  • Dural Sinus between the layers
  • Drains the CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the layers from the brain to the skull:

A
  1. Brain
  2. Pia mater
  3. Subarachnoid space
  4. Arachnoid membrane
  5. Dura mater
  6. Skull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is an epidural hematoma located? What is usually the artery of origin?

A
  • Bleeding between the skull & dura mater

- Usually originating in meningeal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is a subdural hematoma located? What is usually the artery of origin?

A
  • Bleeding between the dura & arachnoid mater

- Usually originating from tears in BRIDGING VEINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is a subarachnoid hematoma located? What is usually the cause?

A
  • Bleeding between the arachnoid membrane & Pia mater

- Usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is a subarachnoid hemorrhage the most common cause of stroke?

A

No, it is less common. It is a neurological emergency

25
Q

What produces CSF and where?

A
  • Produced by the Choroid Plexus

- Produced in the cerebral ventricles

26
Q

What does CSF surround and what is it’s 3 main functions?

A
  • Surrounds the brain & spinal cord
    1. Cushions
    2. Supports
    3. Facilitates transport of nutrients
27
Q

What is roughly the total volume of CSF?

How much CSF is produced daily?

A
  • Roughly 150 mL

- Roughly 500 mL produced daily

28
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VII?

A

Facial nerve

29
Q

What 2 important muscles does CN VII innervate?

A
  1. Muscles of facial expression (motor)

2. Orbicularis Oculi

30
Q

When is CN VII frequently monitored? Examples?

A
  • During surgery around the face

- Parotidectomy, acoustic neuroma, cochlear implant

31
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

32
Q

What 3 important structures does CN IX provide SENSORY innervation to?

A
  1. Baroreceptors of carotid sinus
  2. Chemoreceptors of carotid body
  3. Posterior oral mucosa (gag reflex)
33
Q

What important structures does CN IX provide MOTOR innervation to?

A

The pharynx (swallowing)

34
Q

What can likely happen during CEA?

A

CN IX can be stimulated via the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus —> leading to bradycardia and hypotension

35
Q

What is CN X? What 3 forms of innervation does it provide?

A
  • Vagus nerve
    1. Sensory
    2. Motor
    3. Parasympathetic
36
Q

Which parts of the pharynx does CN X supply? (3)

A
  1. Pharyngeal muscles
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Palate
37
Q

Which part of the Larynx does CN X supply? (2)

A
  1. Superior laryngeal nerve

2. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

38
Q

Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle? What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A
  • The external branch of the SLN

- Tenses and ADDUCTS the vocal cords

39
Q

What happens with injury to the external SLN?

A

Changes in voice quality, but generally NOT dangerous

40
Q

What does the RLN innervate?

A

All of the INTRINSIC muscles of the larynx EXCEPT for the cricothyroid muscle

41
Q

A unilateral RLN injury produces ____A____ vocal cord paralysis, affecting the _____B_____ muscle. Resulting in a ____C____ position of the affected cord, which causes postoperative _____D_____

A

A. Abductor vocal cord paralysis
B. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
C. Paramedian position
D. hoarseness

42
Q

Bilateral RLN injury results in __A__ paralysis, which can manifest as ___B___ vs. ___C___. Symptoms include ___D___ and often requires ____E____ or ___F___.

A 
A. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis
B. Partial airway obstruction
C. Complete airway obstruction
D. Respiratory distress with stridor
E. Emergent reintubation
F. Tracheostomy
43
Q

Which systems does CN X provide parasympathetic innervation to? (3)

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. GI system
44
Q

Which part of the heart does CN X provide parasympathetic innervation to?(2) What does this stimulation result in?

A
  • Innervation to sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes of the heart
  • Stimulation causes reduction in resting heart rate, & are constantly active
45
Q

What aspect does of the lungs does CN X provide parasympathetic innervation to? What is the result of stimulation? (2)

A
  • parasympathetic to the pulmonary plexus

- Stimulation causes VASODILATION and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION

46
Q

What aspect of the GI system does CN X provide parasympathetic innervation to? What does stimulation result in?

A
  • Innervates the majority of ABDOMINAL ORGANS

- Stimulates SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION & GLANDULAR SECRETIONS in these organs

47
Q

What can vagal stimulation during GI surgery & endoscopy lead to?

A

Significant bradycardia and even asystole

48
Q

What is CN I and it’s function?

A
  • Olfactory

- Smell

49
Q

What is CN II and it’s function?

A
  • Optic

- Sight

50
Q

What is CN III and it’s function?

A
  • Oculomotor

- Eyelid & eyeball movement; pupil and lens adjustment

51
Q

What is CN IV and it’s function?

A
  • Trochlear

- Moves eyeballs

52
Q

What is CN V and it’s function?

A
  • Trigeminal

- Facial muscles (chewing) and facial sensation

53
Q

What is CN VI and it’s function?

A
  • Abducens

- Moves eyeballs

54
Q

What is CN VII and it’s function?

A
  • Facial

- Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions

55
Q

What is CN VIII and it’s function?

A
  • Vestibulocochlear

- auditory

56
Q

What is CN IX and it’s function?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal

- Swallowing, saliva, taste

57
Q

What is CN X and it’s function?

A
  • Vagus

- Control of PNS (heart, lungs, GI)

58
Q

What is CN XI and it’s function?

A
  • Accessory

- Movement of Head & shoulder; swallowing

59
Q

What is CN XII and it’s function?

A
  • Hypoglossal

- Tongue muscles - speech and swallowing

Mosier Neuro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions