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ACB 398 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the means by which some functions in the brain are lateralized to one side of the brain and to specific regions

A

ye

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2
Q

Discuss focal vs distributed networks contributing to cortical function

A

ye

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3
Q

discuss means why which disruption of these cortical regions/networks leads to clinically recognizable dysfunction

A

ye

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4
Q

what is the left hemi usually associated with?

A
  • skilled complex motoro tasks for both hemispheres
  • verbal language functions
  • arithmetic processing–sequential
  • following written directions-sequential
  • musical ability – sequential/analytical
  • sees things in parts/bits or pieces: reductionist
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5
Q

what is the right hemi usually associated with?

A

non-dom hemi;

  • visual/spatial analysis
  • non-verbal language functions (prosody)
  • sense of direction - knowing where you are
  • musical ability - untrained
  • complex musical pieces - organization
  • comprehensive processing - holistic
  • sees things as a whole/gestalt/pattern recognition
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6
Q

what functions are located in the contralateral areas of Broca’s and Wernicke’s?

A 
broca = interprets tone (musical)-->prosody; damage in right hemi in broca's area = can't produce tone/correct tone
wernicke's = not undersanding the tone
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7
Q

describe how one responds to a question

A

hears the question: primary and secondary auditory cortex;

interprets questions: wernicke;s area (unimodal association cortex)

subsequent addition of information (perception, emotions, speech) from multimodal cortex

information is relayed over association fibres–>arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area of the inferior frontal gyrus

additional info is supplied by the association cortex that surrounds broca’s area (thoughts, movement, planning, cognition–>prefrontal)

primary motor cortex is activated and you answer the question

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8
Q

how will a stroke in the MCA affect Brocas and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Broca’s area supplied by superior branches of MCA and Wernicke’s y inferior; a stroke would lead to aphasia and various clinical disturbances depending on how much cortex is involved

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9
Q

What are the features of broca’s aphasia?

A
  • decreased fluency of spontaneous speech
  • lacks prosidy (dom hem won’t get the right side “broca’s area” information)
  • telegraphic in content (nouns rather than words)
  • marked naming difficulties
  • difficulty in repeating phrases with high content of function words (no ands ifs or buts)
  • writing and reading aloud are also affected (comprehension is usually okay)
  • speech is choppy;
  • may also have difficulty chewing (Broca’s area is the motor area for mouth –> oral cavity is lateral on homunculus)
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10
Q

salient features of wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • decreased comprehensions
  • fluent speach but meaningless and nonsensical errors
  • incorrect subs (bus - car, fish - pish)
  • neologisms (non-words)
  • naming difficulties due to Broca disconnect (block from primary –> wernicke’s; can’t go to broca’s)
  • difficulty in repeating phrases (broca disconnect?)
  • writing and reading aloud are also affected (incorrect reading or subbing of words)
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11
Q

study slide 22

A

ye

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12
Q

what is alexia?

A

inability to read

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13
Q

what is agraphia?

A

inability to write

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14
Q

what is anomia?

A

inability to name obects

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15
Q

what is acalculia?

A

can’t do math

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16
Q

what is agnosia?

A

inability to recognize

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17
Q

what is apraxia?

A

inability to carry out and action through correct movement sequence (motor planning)–>cannot form words easily (supplementary motor cortex?)

18
Q

what is conduction aphasia/disconnection syndrome?

A

a left MCA infarct on arcuate fasciculus can cause impaired repetition of speech and impaired naming, but speech fluency and comprehension spared (wernicke’s is listening to other’s and understanding…but broca’s is thinking about talking–>activate broca’s somehow else and you can talk and comprehend)

19
Q

study slide 26

A

ye

20
Q

lesions of right hemi cause left hemineglect–

A

ye

21
Q

study slide 28

A

ye

22
Q

frontal lobe lesions often have no clinically detectable deficits

A

ye

23
Q

study slide 32

A

ye

24
Q

cingulate gyrus PERCEIVES PAIN; lots of plastic changes take place here; even when source of pain is gone you still feel it

A

ye

25
Q

what are the three functions of teh frontal lobe?

A

restraint–>inhibition of inappropriate behaviour
initiative –> motivation to be productive
order–> correctly perform sequenced tasks and cognitive acitivies

26
Q

study slide 35

A

ye

27
Q

what are the behavioural disturbances associated with frontal lobe lesions?

A
  • abulia (loss of initiative, drive, decisions)
  • inappropriate jocularity
  • abnormalities of insight
  • confabulations – B.S.
  • perseverance -response repition
  • frontal release signs (primitive reflexes–e.g. suckling)
  • incontinence
  • problems with attention
  • abstract reasoning

FACIA PIPA

28
Q

define the term limbic system and list the major components and functions of it

A

def’n: a system of structures that participate in basic survival-based functions, especially those which allow us to monitor and react to the impact of our enviro on our well-being;

major components and functions:

Limbic cortex: cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, parahippocampal, temporal pole, insula

thalamic nuclei

olfactory cortex

other subcortical nuclei:

  • hippocampal formation
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • septal area
  • ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens–>addiction centre)

the 4 main functions are HOME: homeostasis (hypothal); olfaction (olfactory cortex); memory (hippocampal formation); and emotions and drives (amygdala)

29
Q

limbic structures are largely found in the medial and ventral portion of the brain and are HIGHLY CONSERVED

A

YE

30
Q

study slie 46

A

ye

31
Q

describe the functions/behaviours associated with anterior cingulate

A

in limbic motor cortex, linking reward to behaviour; may be highest level of limbic system info processing in the CNS; ERROR DETECTOR!!!!!! works with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to correct errors; source of emotional aspects of pain

32
Q

describe the functions/behaviours associated with hippocampal formation

A

fn: learning and memory (Facts);
- declarative/factual memory (NOT procedural nondeclarative memory)

pts with bilateral damage to their hippocampi lose the ability to form new memories about facts

contains dentate gyrus which is one of the only places in the brain with regens neurons

the three components are the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus

pts with bilateral damage to hippocampi have ifficulty forming new memories about facts

33
Q

describe the functions/behaviours associated with amygdala

A

in temporal pole

fns:

  • emotional/motivation significance
  • drive-related behaviours (Defense, feeding)
  • subjective feelings accompanying such behaviours
  • appropriate behavioural responses to an experience (prevents tantrum)
  • recognizing emotions in facial expressions
  • fear
  • also infolved in non-declarative memory
34
Q

describe the functions/behaviours associated with hypothalamus

A

autonomic functions:

  • regulation of all pregang neurons
    • e.g. sweating, vasodilation
  • emotional fns: response to emotional change (e.g. blushing)
35
Q

common disorders involving the limbic system?

A
  • seizues/epilepsy
  • neurodegen (alzheimer’s, parkinsons)
  • addictions
  • neurovascular, tumors
  • psychiatric (depression)
36
Q

list the main functions of the thalamus

A
  1. Process/relays sensory info to cortex
  2. modulate motor-specific cerebral function
  3. controlling level of cortical activity (arousal)
  4. modulates emotional/motivation responses
  5. complex visual/language functions
37
Q

describe the thalamic nuclei

A

anterior–limbic
medial–limbic & prefrontal
lateral–motor, sensory

38
Q

most connections between the thalamus and cerebral cortex are reciprocal

A

ye

39
Q

there are multiple subcortical inputs to thalamus?

A
  • somatosensory pathways
  • basal ganglia & cerebellum
  • limbic
  • brainstem & other areas
40
Q

ventral posterior nuclei (in lateral group of thalamus) relays sensory info for head and body– VP divided into VP medial (for info for the head) and VP lateral (for info for the body)

A

ye

41
Q

Motor info from the basal ganglia and cerebellum influences motor systems through the thalamus and, in turn, the cerebral cortex; thyee DO NOT directly project to the brainstem or spinal cord

A

ye

42
Q

can have big broca’s aphasia (large degree of infarct that affects the MCA superior division) and little broca’s (frontal operculum aphasia)

A

ye

ACB 398 (15 decks)

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