Lecture 1 Flashcards
Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are called ganglia, but are called nuclei in the CNS
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what are the basic division of the NS and the key structures in each?
CNS and PNS;
PNS is divided into ANS (sympathetic and parasym) and motor, and enteric
CNS major structures: brain and spinal cord; in the brain: subcortical structures, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum
PNS: major structures are: Cranial + spinal nerves Autonomic N.S. Enteric N.S. *Peripheral sensory nerve endings— where you get pain/absence of pain *Neuromuscular junction
Gray matter has sympathetic innervation
Cell body of the nerve is CNS, but the axon is PNS; if you let pain go on too long, the cellbody (CNS) changes—can have chronic pain
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study slide 19
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what composes the hind brain?
pons, medulla, cerebellum
study slide 20
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what will a stroke in the cerebral cortex look like?
E.g. if someone has a stroke in one lobe, treatment will bedifferent than a different lobe
Stroke in frontal lobe—damage motor cortex in mouth–sagging
what will a stroke in the basal ganglia look like?
Slowed movement
Trouble getting into chair, using tooth brush
E.g. parkinson’s
bradykinesia, chorea
what will a stroke in the cerebellum look like?
Main problem sitting in chair
May feel like room is spinning–vertigo
ataxia/incoordination (same with pons)
what will a stroke in the brainstem look like?
CN dysfunction—trouble swallowing, chewing
what will a stroke in the spinal cord look like?
Changes in glands in the symp. NS
study slide 22
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what are the 9 dis of the CNS?
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
- brainstem
- spinal cord
- spinal nerve
- motor neuron
- NMJ
- Muscle
If both descending and ascending pathways are damaged, motor and sensory will be affect (non-feeling, paralyzed)
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describe teh major excitatory neurons in the CNS
are glutamatergic. They make excitatory, long-range connections between most brain regions, and are often reciprocal.
Secrete glutamate
describe the major inhibitory neurons in the CNS
are GABAergic. They usually make short-range, local connections within a given brain region which modify the activity of excitatory neurons.
secrete GABA
slows people down–>give them gaba–>calm down ?
The cell bodies for neurotransmitter systems involving dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin originate in the brainstem. These systems project to (send their axons to) the cortex but do not have cell bodies in the cortex. They modulate the activity of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.
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study slide 26 & 28
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what levels of the spine control sympathetic?
T1-L3 (nctinthoracolumar)
what levels of the spine control parasympathetic?
CN III, VII, IX, X
S2-4 (sacral)
what are the 3 major long tracts in the NS?
lateral corticospinal tract–motor function
posterior columns–sensory (vibration, joint position, and fine touch)
anterolateral pathways sensory (pain, temp, crude tough)–worst one to be active as a dentist
describe the neurons in the motor system
two neuron system–> LMN and UMN;
UMN inhibit the LMNs, UMN from motor cortex down to brain stem, decussates, goes down spinal cord and synapses with LMN in anterior horn
describe the structures and their function in the brainstem
- midbrain: relay station for auditory and visual info
- pons: has nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture……cranial nerves!
- medulla: contains the reticular formation (sleep and attention): contains cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
describe the cerebellum
- does not initiate movement, but it contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing
- damage to the cerebellum does not cause paralysis, but instead produces disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning.
- is also thought to play a role in some aspects of learning an memory, as well as some cognitive functions such as attention and language
- possible role in some emotional functions such as regulating fear and pleasure responses
describe the important subcortical structures
basal ganglia–striatum/ nucleus accumbens)
- regulates the AMOUNT of movement;
- can receive input from cerebral cortex and communicate with the thalamus (back to cortex) or straight to brain stem for MOTOR MOVEMENT
thalamus: major relay nucleus to the cortex, subnuclei determines cortical target; acts as a “Gateway” to cortex–>takes almost all incoming sensations and directs it to the right place
what are the 4 levels of the spinal cord?
cerival, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
spinal cord iportant for motor and sensory and reflex
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Note: the hippocampus is a type of cortex!
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