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Psychology eye > Lecture 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Un-interpreted sensory impressions created by the direction of a stimulus

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2
Q

Perception

A

The psychological processes of making sense of a sensation

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3
Q

What is structuralism?

A

The study of the elements of consciousness. Conscious exprerience can be broken down into basic elements which can be combined to describe all human experiences,

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4
Q

What is the method and aim of structuralism.

A 
Method: introspection 
Validate perception (no measures, descriptive), reliability (observations are inconsistent) and objectivity (observation depend on observer)
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5
Q

psychrophysics

A

Measure the absolute (perception) threshold

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6
Q

Basic ideas that measure the absolute perception threshold

A

Method of adjustment
Method of limits
Methods of constant stimuli
Methods of stimuli intensity.

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7
Q

Method of adjustment

A

Participants adjust the intensity of a test light until they are able to perceive the light

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8
Q

Method of limits

A

participants presented with trials of increasing/decreasing light intensity

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9
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

Similar to methods of limits, but more trials per light intensity, randomised light intensity across trials

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10
Q

Method of stimuli intensity

A

Percentage of yes answers are plotted as a function of stimulus intensity.

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11
Q

Ernst Weber (psychrophysics)

A

Measuring the different threshold, the minimum intensity difference to discriminate two stimuli.

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12
Q

Webers law

A

The change in the stimulus to discriminate it from another stimulus is a constant ratio of that original stimulus. The stronger the stimuli the greater the change needed for it to be detected.

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13
Q

Stanley stevens (psychrophysics)

A

Subjective magnitude estimation- measure the relation between stimulus intensity and perceived intensity. An increase in the perceived stimulus intensity can be larger or smaller than the increase in the measured stimulus intensity

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14
Q

Theoretical accounts of perception - ecological theory. James Gibson

A

Ecological theory of perception.

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15
Q

Describe perception (ecological theory)

A

Perception takes place in the optic array and is directly based on invariant information in the visual field which is extracted by the observers movement,

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16
Q

Examples of invariant visual information

A

Optic flow pattern:

The focus point of a driver remains motionless while the rest of the visual field moves away from this point

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17
Q

Ecological theory of perception

A

Aim of explaining how we attach meaning to sensory input.

Theoretical account tries to explain how perception recognition works.

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18
Q

What are the bottom up accounts of perception.

A

Structuralism, psychrophysics and ecological theory. They are all stimulus guided perception and information is gathered by the sensory receptors to determine perception completely.

19
Q

Vertical horizontal illusion

A

Bisecting lines are perceived as being longer than biseceted (uninterrupted) lines

20
Q

Jastrow illusion

A

Longer radii makes objects appear shorter

21
Q

Irradiation illusion

A

Light areas appear larger than dark areas

22
Q

Figure ambiguity

A

The retinal image will perceive different objects, focus on different aspects reveals different images.

23
Q

Feature ambiguity

A

Image could be seen as two different things (rabbit or duck)

24
Q

Depth ambiguity

A

Cubes- 3D perception makes it difficult to distinguish the front

25
Q

Erroneous perception with visual illusions

A

What we perceive is not always what is represented on the retina

26
Q

Equivocal perception wit ambiguous figures

A

We perceive different objects from the same retina image

27
Q

Moon illusion

A

Moon appears larger when it is close to the horizon

28
Q

Waterfall illusion

A

After observation of motion in one direction stationary objects appear to move in the opposite direction

29
Q

Wagon wheel effect

A

A moving wheel appears to be still/move slowly/move in opposite direction upon rotation

30
Q

The inverse projection problem

A

A 3D object is represented on a 2D retinal surface. So the real image cannot be derived due to superimposed objects or untypical angles.

31
Q

What do top down vision theories account for?

A

Perception being an interaction between sensation and cognition, including stored object knowledge, personal expectation and motivation.

32
Q

Richard Gregory: constructive theory of perception

A

Perception is indirect and a construction of hypothesis testing .
Explains how we attach meaning to sensory input.
Does not explain how illusions persist even when the perception is known.

33
Q

Gestalt theories

A

Explained how we attach meaning to sensory input.

34
Q

Gestalt account

A

Two light flashes in an alternating fashion create movement,

A whole object is achieved by perceptual organisation - grouping and segmentation.

35
Q

Proximity

A

Elements that are close together are grouped together

36
Q

Similarity

A

Elements that look similar are grouped together

37
Q

Common fate

A

Elements that appear to move together are grouped together

38
Q

Good continuation

A

Elements that continue are grouped together

39
Q

Relative size

A

Elements that are smaller than a surrounding area are grouped

40
Q

Law of Pragnanz (Gestalt)

A

Of several geometrically possible organisations the one that will occur is the one that is the most simple

41
Q

Describe top down accounts of visual perception

A

Perception is an interaction between sensation and cognition. Information flow is direct from the brain to the stimulus. Information gathered by the sensory receptors is interpreted in line with the observers knowledge, goals and expectations.

42
Q

Constructive theory of perception (Gregory)

SUMMARISED

A

Perception is indirect based on hypothesis testing. Perception is an effort and can be ambiguous, could explain perceptual failure. This cannot explain why perceptual failure persists once it is cognitively understood

43
Q

Gestalt psychology

SUMMARISED

A

Perception is based on eprceptual organisation (grouping, segmentation) and follows the law of pragnanz.

Psychology eye (4 decks)

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