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Pharm 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

0
Q

The Central Nervous System is comprised of the _____ and _____.

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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1
Q

Th nervous system is broken down into _____ and ______.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

The ____ handles information from a variety of sources and is analogous to the CPU.

A

Brain

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3
Q

The ______ is the main branch that transmits messages to and from the brain.

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

The _____ is comprised of all the nerves “outside” the brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

_____ nerves carry sensory information from parts of the body to the brain for processing.

A

Afferent

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6
Q

_____ nerves carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Efferent

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7
Q

Efferent nerves are also known as ____ nerves.

A

Motor

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8
Q

_____ = at nerves

A

Afferent

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9
Q

_____ = exits nerves

A

Efferent

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10
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two main divisions:

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

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11
Q

_____ Nervous System is the involuntary response of the PNS.

A

Autonomic

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12
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System regulates _____ and _____ systems.

A

Cardiopulmonary

Digestive

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13
Q

The ANS is further divided into 3 branches:

A

️Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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14
Q

_____ Nervous System is the voluntary response of the PNS and is under conscious control.

A

Somatic

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System controls ______.

A

Skeletal muscles during voluntary movement

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System is predominantly ______ control over skeletal muscle activity.

A

Conscious

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17
Q

_____ Nervous System has one junction where the stimulus travels via a single nerve axon and then travels to a synapse.

A

Somatic

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18
Q

Describe how nerves move via the Somatic Nervous System.

A

It is a one junction system that travels via a single nerve axon.

No ganglia

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19
Q

_____ is the neurotransmitter substance found in the somatic system.

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

In the Somatic Nervous System the _____ is the neuromuscular junction.

A

Synapse

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21
Q

The _____ and ______ coordinate regulation integration of bodily functions and make extensive use of feedback arcs.

A

ANS

Endocrine System

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22
Q

The ANS and Endocrine System coordinate regulation integration of bodily functions and make extensive use of _______.

A

Feedback arcs

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23
Q

______ uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.

A

ANS

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24
Q

______ uses hormonal signals.

A

Endocrine system

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25
Q

The efferent division carries nerve impulses which _____ the CNS.

A

Exit

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26
Q

The ______ division carries nerve impulses which exit the CNS.

A

Efferent

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27
Q

After leaving the CNS the efferent nerves proceed to the ____.

A

Ganglia

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28
Q

______ = clusters of nerve cell bodies lying outside of the CNS.

A

Ganglia

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29
Q

The first neuron is a _____ or _____ neuron.

A

Presynaptic

Preganglionic

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30
Q

A ganglion is the _____ that lies outside of the CNS.

A

Nerve cell

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31
Q

The ganglion journeys from the brain to the ______.

A

First junction or synapse

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32
Q

The second neuron is the ______ or ______.

A

Postsynaptic

Post ganglionic

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33
Q

The post-synaptic neuron travels from the ganglia to the _____.

A

Target site

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34
Q

Neurotransmitter substance at both pre-ganglionic sites is _____.

A

Acetylcholine

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35
Q

Where is ACh found?

A

All pre-synaptic

Post-synaptic of parasympathetic.

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36
Q

The neurotransmitter that carries the impulse to the voluntary muscle or gland at the post ganglionic junction of the sympathetic system is ____.

A

Norepi

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37
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine found?

A

Post-synaptic junction of sympathetic nervous system

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38
Q

The _____ division is important because its neurons are often involved in reflex signaling arcs.

A

Afferent

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39
Q

Example of signaling arcs

A

Carotid bodies

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40
Q

_____ is the semi-autonomous part of the ANS in the GI tract.

A

Enteric nervous system

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42
Q

Enteric Nervous System is the _____ part of the ANS in the GI tract.

A

Semi-autonomous

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43
Q

Two components of the Enteric Nervous System

A

Myenteric Plexus

Submucous Plexus

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44
Q

Neurons of the Enteric Nervous System send ____ input to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and receives ____ output from them.

A

Sensory (input)

Motor (output)

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45
Q

Parasympathetic action on ureters and bladder

A

Contraction of detrusor (to pee)

Relaxation of trigone and sphincter

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46
Q

Sympathetic action on kidney

A

Secretion of renin (B1 increases, A1 decreases)

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47
Q

Sympathetic action on male genitalia

A

Stimulation of ejaculation

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48
Q

Sympathetic action on blood vessels in skin, mucous membranes, and splanchnic area.

A

Constriction

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49
Q

Parasympathetic action on GI system

A

Increased motility and tone

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50
Q

Sympathetic action on eye

A

Pupil dilates (iris radial muscle contracts).

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51
Q

Parasympathetic action on trachea and bronchioles

A

Constriction

Increased secretions

52
Q

Sympathetic action on female genitalia

A

Relaxation of uterus

53
Q

Sympathetic action on ureters and bladder

A

Relaxation of detrusor (to not pee)

Contraction of trigone and sphincter

54
Q

Parasympathetic action on heart

A

Decreased rate and contractility

55
Q

Parasympathetic action on eye

A 
Pupil contracts (iris sphincter muscle contracts)
Lens accommodates for near vision (ciliary muscle contracts)
56
Q

Sympathetic action on salivary glands

A

Thick, viscous secretions

57
Q

Sympathetic action of trachea and bronchioles

A

Dilation

58
Q

Sympathetic action on heart

A

Increased rate and contractility

59
Q

Sympathetic action on blood vessels in skeletal muscle

A

Dilation

60
Q

Sympathetic action on GI system

A

Decreased muscle motility and tone

Contraction of sphincter

61
Q

Parasympathetic action on male genitalia

A

Stimulation of erection

62
Q

Sympathetic action of adrenal medulla

A

Secretion of epi and norepi

63
Q

Parasympathetic action on salivary glands

A

Copious, watery secretions

64
Q

Parasympathetic action on lacrimal glands

A

Stimulation of tears

65
Q

What area is sympathetic, but uses the neurotransmitter Ach?

A

Sweat glands

66
Q

____ output is diffuse because postganglionic neurons may innervate more than one organ.

A

Sympathetic

67
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic actions often ____ each other.

A

Oppose

68
Q

Site of origin for sympathetic innervation

A

Thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord (thoracolmbar)

69
Q

Length of parasympathetic fibers

A

Long preganglionic

Short post postganglionic

70
Q

The ____ is involved in the ANS by virtue of its position in the center of many ANS reflex arcs.

A

CNS

71
Q

____ output is discrete because postganglionic neurons are not branched, but are directed to a specific organ.

A

Parasympathetic

72
Q

The ANS can also be affected by the CNS as a result of ________.

A

Strong feelings or emotions

73
Q

All ____ neurons are cholinergic, meaning they release Ach.

A

Preganglionic

74
Q

Length of sympathetic fibers

A

Short preganglionic

Long postganglionic

75
Q

Sites of origin for parasympathetic innervation

A

Brain and sacral area of spinal cord (craniosacral)

76
Q

All somatic neurons are _____.

A

Cholinergic

77
Q

What 4 places only receive sympathetic stimulation?

A

Sweat glands
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
Piloerector muscles

78
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are ____.

A

Cholinergic

79
Q

Location of ganglia in sympathetic system

A

Close to spinal cord

80
Q

Most postganglionic ____ neurons are adrenergic, meaning they release norepi.

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

____ preganglionic neurons = cholinergic

A

All

82
Q

Where is blood pressure almost exclusively controlled?

A

SNS

83
Q

Location of ganglia in parasympathetic system

A

Within effector organ

84
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

85
Q

The ___ is a big sympathetic ganglion releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A

Adrenal medulla

86
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

87
Q

Cholinergic neurons can have 2 receptors:

A

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

88
Q

Postganglionic ____ neurons are cholinergic.

A

Parasympathetic

89
Q

At the highest CNS level, ____ exist involving the most primitive parts of the brain (medulla oblongata and midbrain).

A

Reflex arcs

90
Q

____ neurons can have nicotinic or muscarinic receptors.

A

Cholinergic

91
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

92
Q

What is the #1 cardiovascular variable the body seeks to auto-regulate?

A

MAP

93
Q

Adrenergic neurons can be further divided into:

A

Alpha
Beta
Dopaminergic

94
Q

What happens when a patient is given levophed?

A

Heart rate and contractile force increase, but the baroreceptors begin to fire causing decreased sympathetic tone and increased parasympathetic which is why there isn’t a sustain rise in heart rate.

95
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

96
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

97
Q

What is the net effect of levophed?

A

Increase SVR and decrease heart rate even though it has direct positive chronotropic effects.

98
Q

If the presynaptic neuron is inhibited by the chemical it produces it is referred to as ______.

A

Autoreceptor

99
Q

_____ neurons can have alpha, beta, and dopaminergic receptors.

A

Adrenergic

100
Q

The only muscarinic receptors are located at the effector ___ cells of the PNS.

A

Postganglionic

101
Q

Muscarinic activation is AKA _____

A

Parasympathomimetc

102
Q

6 steps of cholinergic neurotransmission

A

1) Synthesis of Ach
2) Uptake into storage vesicles
3) Release of neurotransmitter
4) Binding to the receptor
5) Degradation of Ach
6) Recycling of choline

103
Q

If the presynaptic neuron is inhibited by chemicals that are released by neurons with which it has a synapse (that it doesn’t produce) it is referred to as _____.

A

Heterotrophic

104
Q

The only ____ receptors are located at the effector postganglionic cells of the PNS.

A

Muscarinic

105
Q

____ receptors are located at the neuromuscular junctions and at the ganglia of the ANS.

A

Nicotinic

106
Q

Ach is hydrolyzed rapidly by _____.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

107
Q

Choline has to be ____ transported.

A

Actively

108
Q

Choline has a strong ____ charge.

A

Positive

109
Q

The uptake of choline is the ____ step in the synthesis of ACh.

A

Rate-limiting

110
Q

The vesicles containing ACh look like beads on the presynaptic nerve terminal and are referred to as ____.

A

Varicosities

111
Q

_____ rushes into the nerve ending causing the vesicle to fuse with the cell membrane which frees the ACh, ATP, and other chemicals into the synaptic cleft.

A

Calcium

112
Q

A ____ reaction allows choline to re-penetrate the presynaptic cell membrane.

A

Sodium-coupled

113
Q

What does Muscarinic stimulation do?

A

Consistent with the concept of “Feed and Breed”

114
Q

____ muscarinic agonists have some nicotinic action.

A

Most

115
Q

3 examples of direct acting nicotinic agonists:

A

Varencline tartrate
Nicotine
Carbachol (miostat)

116
Q

Future uses of nicotinics?

A

Alzheimer’s

117
Q

3 examples of direct acting muscarinic agonists:

A

Bethanechol (urecholine) [bladder emptying]
Cevimeline (Evoxac) [dry mouth]
Pilocarpine (Salagen) [glaucoma]

118
Q

____ nicotinic agonists have some muscarinic action.

A

All

119
Q

How do indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists work?

A

Reversibly bind to acetylcholinesterase

blocks acetylcholinesterase which prevents the breakdown of ACh and allows levels to build up

120
Q

Example of indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists

A

Edrophonium

121
Q

What is an example of Edrophonium being used?

A

Tensilon testing for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

122
Q

What 3 other drugs are used for treatment of myasthenia gravis?

What type of drugs are these?

A

Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Ambnonium

indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists

123
Q

2 indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists used for treatment of glaucoma.

How do they work?

A

Physostigmine
Demecarium

Opens the drainage angle

124
Q

____ is a topical organophosphate used for the treatment of glaucoma.

What type of drug is this?

A

Echothiophate

indirect-acting irreversible cholinergic agonists

125
Q

____ are bad, bad dudes

A

organophosphates

126
Q

7 side effects of organophosphates

A 
Excess salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Vomiting, defecation, GI cramps
Unable to breath
Loss of muscular control
Death
127
Q

What can possibly be used to reverse or decrease the effects of indirect-acting irreversible cholinergic agonists?

A

Pralidoxime (along with atropine)

Pharm 1 (6 decks)

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