Lecture# 3

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Experiences resulting from the stimulation of the senses

Question 2

inverse projection problem

Answer 2

the difficulty of reconstructing a three-dimensional (3D) scene from a two-dimensional (2D) image. It’s a fundamental challenge in computer vision and image processing.

Question 3

viewpoint invariance

Answer 3

People’s ability to recognize an object
even when it is seen from different viewpoints

Question 4

bottom-up processing

Answer 4

a cognitive process that involves the brain using sensory information to understand stimuli. It’s also known as stimulus-driven or data-driven perception.

Question 5

top-down processing

Answer 5

cognitive process that uses existing knowledge and expectations to interpret new information. It’s also known as conceptually driven processing.

Question 6

speech segmentation

Answer 6

he process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken language

Question 7

transitional probabilities

Answer 7

the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word. For example, consider the words pretty baby. In English it is likely that
pre and ty will be in the same word (pre-tty) but less likely that ty and ba will be in the same word (pretty baby)

Question 8

statistical learning

Answer 8

the process of learning patterns from repeated exposure to sensory input. It’s a cognitive process that happens without conscious awareness.

Question 9

Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

Answer 9

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894)

-a physicist who made important contributions to fields as diverse as thermodynamics, nerve physiology, visual perception, and aesthetics.
He also invented the ophthalmoscope, versions of which are still used today to enable physicians to examine the blood vessels inside the eye.

Question 10

likelihood principle

Answer 10

which states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Question 11

unconscious inference

Answer 11

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions,
or inferences, that we make about the environment

Question 12

Gestalt psychologists

Answer 12

psychologists who study how people organize their experiences into patterns.

Question 13

apparent movement

Answer 13

the perception of movement when static objects are presented in quick succession. It’s a type of illusory perception, or perceptual illusion.

Question 14

principles of perceptual organization

Answer 14

a set of rules that explain how people group and interpret visual information.

Question 15

principle of good continuation

Answer 15

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together,
and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that
are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object.

Question 16

law of pragnanz

Answer 16

aka principle of good figure or the principle of simplicity

-Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

Question 17

principle of similarity

Answer 17

Similar things appear to be grouped together. A striking example of grouping by similarity of color. Grouping can also occur because of similarity of size, shape, or orientation.

Question 18

two types of regularities

Answer 18

physical regularities and semantic
regularities.

Question 19

Physical Regularities

Answer 19

regularly occurring physical properties
of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations. This occurs in human-made environments
(for example, buildings contain lots of horizontals and verticals) and also in natural environments (trees and plants are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted)

Question 20

oblique effect

Answer 20

people can perceive horizontals
and verticals more easily than other orientations

Question 21

light-from-above assumption

Answer 21

We usually assume that light is coming from above, because light in our environment, including the sun and most artificial light, usually comes from above.shows how light coming from above and from the left illuminates an indentation, leaving a shadow
on the left.shows how the same light illuminates a bump, leaving a shadow on the right.

Question 22

Semantic Regularities

Answer 22

are the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.

Question 23

scene schema

Answer 23

contains prior information about the objects and the. spatial relations that are likely to be found in a particular scene

Question 24

Bayesian inference was named after who? and why

Answer 24

Thomas Bayes (1701–1761), who proposed that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors: (1) the prior
probability, or simply the prior, which is our initial belief about the probability of an outcome, and (2) the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome.
This second factor is called the likelihood of the outcome.

Question 25

theory of natural selection

Answer 25

which states that characteristics that
enhance an animal’s ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations.

Question 26

brain ablation

Answer 26

a technique that includes removing
part of the brain.

Question 27

What pathway aka?

Answer 27

ventral pathway- because the lower part of the brain, where the temporal lobe is located, is the ventral part of the brain

Question 28

where pathway aka?

Answer 28

dorsal pathway- ventral part of the brain, and the upper part of the brain, where the parietal lobe is located, is the dorsal part of the brain

Question 29

perception pathway

Answer 29

the pathway from the visual
cortex to the temporal lobe

Question 30

action pathway

Answer 30

the pathway from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe

Question 31

mirror neurons

Answer 31

neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps
the food

Question 32

mirror neuron system

Answer 32

neurons are distributed throughout the brain in a network

Question 33

size-weight illusion:

Answer 33

When a person is presented with two similar objects, such as two cubes, that are the same weight but different sizes, the larger one seems lighter when they are lifted together.