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Psyc 230-Cognitive Psychology > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of the physiological
basis of cognition.

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2
Q

Levels of analysis

A

refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different
ways, with each approach contributing its own dimension to our understanding

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3
Q

neurons

A

create and transmit information about what we experience and know

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4
Q

nerve net

A

a mesh-like structure of nerve cells that are connected to each other.

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5
Q

Camillo Golgi (1843–1926)

A

Italian anatomist who developed a staining technique in which a thin slice of brain tissue was immersed in a
solution of silver nitrate.

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6
Q

Ramon y Cajal (1852–1934)

A

Spanish physiologist who used two
techniques to investigate the nature of the nerve net.

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7
Q

2 techniques to investigate the nature of the nerve net

A

Golgi stain, which
stained only some of the cells in a slice of brain tissue.

study tissue from the brains of newborn animals, because the density of cells in the newborn brain is
small compared with the density in the adult brain.

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8
Q

neuron doctrine

A

the idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by
nerve net theory.

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9
Q

cell body

A

the metabolic center of
the neuron; it contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive.

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10
Q

dendrites

A

that branch out from the cell body is to receive signals from other neurons

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11
Q

Axons

A

(also called nerve fibers) are usually long processes that transmit signals to other neurons.

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12
Q

synapse

A

a small gap between the end of a neuron’s axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron

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13
Q

neural circuits

A

a network of neurons that are connected by synapses and work together to process and send information in the brain

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14
Q

receptors

A

are similar to brain neurons in that they have an axon, but they have specialized receptors that pick up information from the environment.

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15
Q

microelectrodes

A

small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device

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16
Q

2 types of electrode

A

-recording electrode
-reference electrode

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17
Q

recording electrode

A

shown with its recording tip inside the neuron

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18
Q

reference electrode

A

located some distance away so it is not affected by the electrical signals

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19
Q

resting potential

A

stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron

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20
Q

nerve impulse

A

an electrical signal that travels along a nerve fiber in response to a stimulus and serves to transmit a record of sensation from a receptor or an instruction to act to an effector

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21
Q

action potential

A

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane, lasts about 1 millisecond

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22
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland.

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23
Q

principle of neural representation

A

states that everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

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24
Q

feature detectors

A

responded to specific stimulus
features such as orientation, movement, and length.

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25
Q

experience-dependent plasticity

A

the structure of the brain is changed by experience.

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26
Q

visual cortex

A

the part of the brain that processes visual information from the eyes. It’s located in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain.

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27
Q

temporal lobe

A

part of the brain that processes sensory information, stores memories, and helps with language and emotions. It’s located in the forebrain, behind the ears, and near the temples.

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28
Q

hierarchical processing

A

the idea that information is processed in a hierarchical manner, with higher levels of processing controlling lower levels. This process allows the brain to detect increasingly complex patterns in stimul

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29
Q

problem of sensory coding

A

the challenge of determining how neural activity carries information about stimuli from the external world. It’s a central issue in sensory physiology.

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30
Q

sensory code

A

refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of
the environment.

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31
Q

specificity coding

A

the idea that memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval context

32
Q

Population coding

A

the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing
of a large number of neurons

33
Q

Sparse coding

A

occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of
only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent.

34
Q

Three types of coding:

A

(a) Specificity coding
(b) Population coding
(c) Sparse coding

35
Q

localization of function

A

the idea that specific parts of the brain control specific functions

36
Q

cerebral cortex

A

which is a layer of tissue about 3 mm thick that covers the brain; The cortex is the wrinkled covering you see when you look at an intact brain

37
Q

subcortical areas

A

the regions of the brain that are located below the cerebral cortex.

38
Q

neuropsychology

A

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage.

39
Q

cortical equipotentiality

A

the idea that the brain operated as an indivisible whole as opposed to specialized areas

40
Q

Broca’s area

A

a region in the brain that controls speech production and articulation

41
Q

Tan

A

what Broca’s patients were called as

42
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Frontal lobe damaged- a language disorder that makes it difficult for people to speak fluently

43
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a region in the brain that is responsible for understanding written and spoken language

44
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Temporal lobe damaged- a type of aphasia that makes it difficult for people to understand spoken and written language

45
Q

occipital lobe

A

the part of the brain that processes visual information.

46
Q

parietal lobe

A

is a region of the brain that processes sensory information, including touch, pain, and temperature. It’s located at the top rear of the head, between the frontal and occipital lobes.

47
Q

frontal lobe

A

receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination
of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions like thinking and problem solving.

48
Q

prosopagnosia

A

an inability to recognize faces. People with prosopagnosia can tell that a face is a face, but they can’t recognize whose face it is, even for people they know well such as friends and family members.

49
Q

double dissociation

A

echnique that compares the effects of brain lesions on different mental functions. It’s used to determine which areas of the brain are responsible for specific mental functions

50
Q

brain imaging

A

a noninvasive procedure that uses energy to create images of the brain. The images can show the structure and function of the brain, and are used to diagnose conditions

51
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

takes advantage of the fact that neural
activity causes the brain to bring in more oxygen, which binds to hemoglobin molecules in the blood

52
Q

task-related fMRI

A

the change in brain activity that can be linked specifically to the task. The results of these calculations for each voxel are then displayed as colorful
activation patterns

53
Q

fusiform face area (FFA)

A

a part of the human brain that is especially responsive to faces.

54
Q

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

a region of the brain that processes visual information about scenes and places.

55
Q

extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

a part of the brain that helps people see and understand human bodies and body parts.

56
Q

multidimensional

A

that different areas respond to different features of humans—illustrates a central principle of cognition: most of our experience

57
Q

distributed representation

A

It’s the fact that looking at a face activates many areas
of the brain

58
Q

Episodic memories

A

are memories for events in a person’s life, like remembering what you did yesterday

59
Q

Semantic memories

A

are memories for facts, like knowing that the capital of California is Sacramento

60
Q

Neural networks

A

are interconnected areas of the brain that can communicate with each
other

61
Q

Structural connectivity

A

the brain’s “wiring diagram” created by nerve axons that connect
different brain areas

62
Q

track-weighted imaging
(TWI)

A

based on detection of how water diffuses along the length
of nerve fibers, shows nerve tracts determined by this
technique

63
Q

connectome

A

Pictures of the brain’s pathways obtained by these new techniques to indicate the “structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain” or more simply, the “wiring diagram” of neurons in the brain

64
Q

functional connectivity

A

a measure of how different regions of the brain are statistically dependent on each other. It’s a way to study how brain regions interact and exchange information.

65
Q

resting-state fMRI

A

a type of brain imaging that measures spontaneous brain activity without requiring a task or stimulus. It’s used to study how brain regions interact with each other when a person is resting or not actively engaged in a task

66
Q

resting-state functional
connectivity

A
  • Bharat Biswal and coworkers (1995)

-a technique that measures how brain activity correlates when a person is at rest.

67
Q

seed location

A

the location of a region of interest (ROI) that is used to identify patterns of connectivity in the brain.

68
Q

time-series response

A

indicates how the response changes over time.

69
Q

test location

A

response of the test location Somatosensory, which is located in an
area of the brain responsible for sensing touch

70
Q

Six Common Functional Networks Determined by Resting-State fMRI:

A

Visual
Somato-motor
Dorsal Attention
Executive Control
Salience
Default mode

71
Q

Visual network - Function

A

Vision; visual perception

72
Q

Somato-motor network- Function

A

Movement and touch

73
Q

Dorsal Attention- Function

A

Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations

74
Q

Executive Control- function

A

Higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory and directing attention during tasks

75
Q

Salience- function

A

Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment

76
Q

Default mode -function

A

Mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life-story,
social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states

77
Q
A

Psyc 230-Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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