Lecture #1

Question 1

What’s mind’s role?

Answer 1

memory, problem solving, and making decisions

Question 2

Definition of mind?

Answer 2

The mind creates and controls mental
functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning

Question 3

How does the mind operates?

Answer 3

The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals.

Question 4

What is Cognitive psychology?

Answer 4

the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates

Question 5

What was Franciscus donders experiment about?

Answer 5

how long it takes for a person to make a decision and he determined this by measuring REACTION TIME.

Question 6

What were the 2 measures of Reaction Time?

Answer 6

1. Simple reaction time
2. Choice reaction time

Question 7

What was the Simple reaction time experiment?

Answer 7

Measured by asking the participants to push a button as rapidly as possible when they saw a light go on

Question 8

What was the Choice reaction time experiment?

Answer 8

Measured by by using two lights and asking participants to push the left button when they saw the left light go on and the right button when they saw the right light go on

Question 9

What was the conclusion of Donders experiment (How long was the reaction time?)

Answer 9

one-tenth of a second

Question 10

What year did Wilhelm Wundt found the 1st laboratory of scientific psychology and where?

Answer 10

In 1879, At the University of Leipzig In Germany.

Question 11

What was Wundt’s Approach called?

Answer 11

Structuralism

Question 12

Analytic introspection?

Answer 12

a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.

Question 13

Whose approach was the “Memory experiment”? What year and Which university?

Answer 13

German Psychologist -Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885/1913), University of Berlin

Question 14

What was Hermann Ebbinghaus’s Memory experiment about?

Answer 14

What is the time course of forgetting

Question 15

What Method did Ebbinghaus used?

Answer 15

Quantitative method

Question 16

Who did he used as the participant, and how did he do it?

Answer 16

Using himself as the participant, he repeated lists of 13 nonsense syllables such as DAX, QEH, LUH, and ZIF to himself one at a time at a constant
rate. He used nonsense syllables so that his memory would not be influenced by the meaning of a particular word

Question 17

What measure did Ebbinghaus used?

Answer 17

Savings (Original time to learn the list)

Question 18

What is Savings curve?

Answer 18

shows that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after the initial learning and then levels off.

Question 19

1st American Psychologist

Answer 19

William James

Question 20

Name of the book by William James

Answer 20

Principles of psychology (1890)

Question 21

What approach did John Watson found?

Answer 21

Behaviourism

Question 22

Where did John Watson graduated from?

Answer 22

University of Chicago

Question 23

What was John Watson’s most famous experiment?

Answer 23

Little Albert

Question 24

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 24

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour.

Question 25

Classical Conditioning in dogs was done by?

Answer 25

Ivan Pavlov’s , 1890s

Question 26

Who introduced OPERANT CONDITIONING?

Answer 26

B. F. Skinner, PhD from Harvard in 1931

Question 27

operant conditioning

Answer 27

which focused on how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval (or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection).

Question 28

Cognitive Revolution

Answer 28

a shift in psychology from the behaviorist’s focus on stimulus–response relationships to an approach whose main thrust was to understand the operation of the mind.

Question 29

What are the 3 components that Long term memory is subdivided into?

Answer 29

1. Episodic Memory
2. Semantic Memory
3. Procedural Memory

Question 30

Episodic memory definition

Answer 30

memory for events in your life (like
what you did last weekend)

Question 31

Semantic memory definition

Answer 31

is memory for facts (such as the
capitals of the states)

Question 32

Procedural memory definition

Answer 32

memory for physical actions (such
as how to ride a bike or play the piano)

Question 33

Neuropsychology

Answer 33

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

Question 34

Electrophysiology

Answer 34

measuring electrical responses of the nervous system, made it possible
to listen to the activity of single neurons

Question 35

PET (positron emission tomography)

Answer 35

to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity

• A disadvantage of this technique was that it was expensive and involved injecting radioactive tracers into a person’s bloodstream

Question 36

what was PET replaced with? and why?

Answer 36

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - it didn’t involve
radioactive tracers and which was capable of higher resolution

Question 37

Paradigm shift

Answer 37

a change in the way psychologists think and work, often due to new evidence that challenges the current paradigm.

ex. the behaviourist approach transitioned into the cognitive approach