Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are biochips also known as?
Bio-microarray devices.
What are the three main types of biochips?
DNA microarrays, protein microarrays, and microfluidic chips.
What can biochips be used for?
Large-scale genomic and proteomic analyses, including protein profiling to distinguish between normal cells and cancer cells.
What is multiplexing?
The simultaneous measurement of different substances from a single sample.
Why is multiplexing important for in-vitro clinical diagnostics?
It is central to disease diagnosis and treatment by analyzing multiple analytes or biomarkers.
What techniques are used in multiplexing in central labs and next-generation immunosensors?
Mass spectrometry (e.g., MALDI-MS), PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, SIMOA, and LUMINEX.
What is the Alere Inc. Triage® platform?
A multiplexed point-of-care testing device using lateral flow assays (LFAs) with optical or electrochemical readouts.
What tests can the Triage platform be used for?
BNP Test, D-Dimer Test, Cardiac Panel, and TOX Drug Screen.
What are the three different approaches to multiplexing?
Spatial separation
Regional separation
Labels (e.g., enzymes, beads, dyes)
What are genomic arrays used for?
Detection of fluorescently labeled material, including tissues, cells, and biomolecules.
What are the types of microarrays?
DNA, protein, and tissue microarrays.
In what areas is multiplexing being used?
Toxicology, point-of-care genotyping, forensic, clinical, and workplace toxicology screening.
What can biochip arrays detect?
Over 600 drugs and drug metabolites.
What are array-based systems used for in clinical diagnostics?
High-throughput multiplexing using high-density microspots and ink-jet printing.
What is the sensitivity range of the SIMOA® platform?
Detect analytes in the femtomolar range (10 fg/ml to 1 pg/ml).
How does the sensitivity of SIMOA® compare to traditional ELISA methods?
It is significantly more sensitive.
What is a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease?
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), specifically the Apo E4 isoform on chromosome 19.
What does the Randox Apo E4 Array measure?
44 analytes associated with nervous system dysfunctions, including total ApoE and ApoE4.
What are microfluidic µPADs used for?
Development of multiplexed LFAs, such as a device for monitoring liver status in resource-poor settings.
How do bead-based systems achieve multiplexing?
Using beads of different sizes, materials, or surface functionalities distinguished by size, shape, or color.
What is flow cytometry used for?
High-throughput quantification of many different analytes from the same sample.
What are the challenges of traditional flow cytometry?
Long turnaround times, expense, maintenance, and the need for skilled expertise.
What areas are focused on in the development of a portable microflow cytometer?
Focusing particles in the microfluidic channel, miniaturization of fluid-handling components, miniaturization of optics, and integration and applications development.
How does the silica fiber microflow cytometer work?
Uses a circular capillary for cell transport to a micro-chamber with light delivered and fluorescence captured via optical fibers.
