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General Physiology > LECTURE 3 > Flashcards

LECTURE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two regulatory mechanism

A
  1. nervous system
  2. endocrine system
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2
Q

_____ - conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

____ - secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

_ are chemical
signals that are secreted into the
circulatory system and communicate
regulatory messages within the body

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Hormones reach all parts of the body,
but only ____ are equipped to
respond

A

target cells

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6
Q

Insect metamorphosis is regulated by
____

A

hormones

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7
Q

Two types of gland

A
  1. exocrine glands
  2. endocrine glands
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8
Q

____ - secrete chemicals into ducts and the
effect is where the duct empties; sweat glands - sweat (evaporative cooling)

A

Exocrine glands

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9
Q

____ - secrete chemical messengers
(hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

A

endocrine glands

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10
Q

exocrine glands secrete chemicals into ___

A

ducts

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11
Q

Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers to ____

A

blood

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12
Q

In humans, our
development is
regulated by
various ______

A

signaling
pathways

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13
Q

These signaling
pathways are activated by _____

A

specific chemical signaling molecules

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14
Q

Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to ____, triggering specific response pathways

A

target receptors

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15
Q

Types of Intercellular Communication

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Paracrine Signaling
  3. Direct signaling
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16
Q

_____ secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

-Relatively slow.

A

endocrine signaling

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17
Q

_____ neurohormones diffuse into the
bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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18
Q

In Neuroendocrine signaling, the ___ diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

neurohormones

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19
Q

Type of endocrine signaling

A
  1. Neuroendocrine signaling
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20
Q

Types of paracrine signaling

A
  1. Autocrine signaling
  2. synaptic SIgnaling
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21
Q

____ secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in
neighboring cells.

-Quick response.

A

Paracrine signaling

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22
Q

____ secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine signaling

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23
Q

In ____ neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

A

Synaptic/Neuronal signaling

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24
Q

In Synaptic/Neuronal signaling, _____
diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target
tissues

A

neurotransmitters

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25
Q

____ : for some signals to be
received, the cells must be in direct contact.

Either via interacting membrane proteins on two different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions

A

Direct signaling

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26
Q

Types of direct signaling

A
  1. Juxtacrine signaling
  2. Signaling through gap junctions
  3. Signaling through plasmodesmata
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27
Q

Types of secreted signaling molecules:

A
  1. Local regulators
  2. Neurotransmitters
    3.Neurohormones
    4.Pheromones
  3. Hormones
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28
Q

____ chemical signals that travel over short
distances by diffusion

  • help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction
A

Local regulators

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29
Q

Local regulators are divided into two types:

A
  1. Paracrine signals
  2. Autocrine signals
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30
Q

_____ act on cells near the
secreting cell

A

Paracrine signals

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31
Q

____ act on the secreting cell itself

A

Autocrine signals

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32
Q

______ proteins and
polypeptides that stimulate cell
proliferation

A

Growth Factors

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33
Q

_____ play a role in immune responses

A

Cytokines

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34
Q
  • acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted
    by neurons
  • kills bacteria and cancer cells when
    secreted by WBCs

-dilates the walls of blood vessels when
secreted by endothelial cells

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

35
Q
  • modified fatty acids

-secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine
contractions during childbirth

-promote fever and inflammation and
intensify the sensation of pain

-regulate aggregation of platelets (early
step in blood clot formation)

A

Prostaglandins

36
Q

prostaglandins is what type of signaling molecule?

A

Local regulator

37
Q
  • secreted by neurons at many synapses
    -diffuse a very short distance
    -bind receptors on target cells
    -play a role in sensation, memory,
    cognition, and movement

Example: Acetylcholine (ACh) – muscle contraction

A

Neurotransmitter

38
Q
  • secreted by neurosecretory cells
    -diffuse from nerve cell endings into
    the bloodstream
A

Nuerohormones

39
Q

Example of Neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine - for muscle contraction

40
Q

Example of neurohormones

A

ADH (vasopressin) – increases
water permeability of kidney’s
collecting ducts and causes
vasoconstriction (ADH)

41
Q

A type of neurohormones ____ that increases water permeability of kidney’s
collecting ducts and causes
vasoconstriction (ADH)

A

ADH (vasopressin)

42
Q

____ chemical signals that are released from
the body and used to communicate with
other individuals in the species

A

Pheromones

43
Q

Use of pheromones

A
  1. Mark trails leading to food
  2. defining territories
  3. warning of predators
  4. attracting potential mates
44
Q

____ chemicals that transfer information and
instructions between cells in animals and
plants

A

Hormones

45
Q

Use of hormones:

A
  1. body’s chemical messengers
  2. regulate growth and development
  3. control the function of various tissues
  4. support reproductive functions
  5. regulate metabolism
  6. slow acting but long lasting
46
Q

____ -chemical signals that are
secreted into the circulatory system and
communicate regulatory messages within the body

  • reach all parts of the body, but only target cells have receptors for that hormone
A

Animal hormones

47
Q

_____ inhibits a response by reducing the
initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

A

o Negative
feedback loop

48
Q
  • reinforces a stimulus to produce an
    even greater response
A

Positive
feedback

49
Q

The same hormone may have different
effects on target cells that have:

A
  1. Different receptors for the hormone
  2. Different signal transduction pathways
  3. Different proteins for carrying out the response
50
Q

same hormones, but different receptors means

A

different effect to the muscle, tissue, or organ

51
Q

same hormones, same receptor, but different impact to different organs

A

korek

52
Q

Three major classes of molecules function
as hormones in vertebrates:

A
  1. Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
  2. Amines derived from amino acids
  3. Steroid hormones
53
Q

water-soluble class of hormone

A

polypeptide and amines

54
Q

Lipid soluble class of hormones

A

steroid hormones and other
largely non-polar hormones

55
Q

example of polypeptide

A

insulin and epinephrine

56
Q

example of steroids

A

cortisol and thyroxine

57
Q

Insulin-like growth factors major sites of production?

A

liver and cartilages

58
Q

Insulin-like growth factors major actions?

A

growth and cell division

59
Q

Nitric oxide major site production:

A
  1. endothelium of blood vessels
  2. neurons
  3. macrophages
60
Q

Nitric oxide major actions

A

dilation of blood vessel

61
Q

endothelins major sites productions ?

A

endothelium of blood vessels, other organs

62
Q

endothelins major actions

A

constrictions of blood vessels and other effects

63
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor major sites of production

A
  1. platelets
  2. macrophages
  3. vascular smooth muscle cells
64
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor major action

A

cell division with blood vessel

65
Q

epidermal growth factors major sites production

A

epidermal tissues

66
Q

epidermal growth factors major actions

A

cell division in wound healing

67
Q

Neurotrophins major site of production

A
  1. schwann cells
  2. neurons
68
Q

Neurotrophins major actions

A

regeneration of peripheral nerves

69
Q

Bradykinin major site production

A

endothelium of blood vessels

70
Q

Bradykinin major actions

A

dilation of blood vessels

71
Q

Interleukins (cytokines) major site production

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. lymphocytes
72
Q

Interleukins (cytokines) major actions

A

regulation of immune system

73
Q

Prostaglandins major site production

A

many tissue

74
Q

___ hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and
bind to cell-surface receptors

  • They bind to receptors in the
    plasma membranes of the target
    cells
A

Water-soluble hormones

75
Q

____ has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

  • triggers the release of messenger molecules
    that activate enzymes and result in therelease of glucose into the bloodstream
A

epinephrine

76
Q

____ diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

77
Q

Signaling by any of these hormones
involves 4 key events:

A
  1. Reception
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Response
  4. Amplification
78
Q

_____ - detection of a signal in
the environment

A

Reception

79
Q

____ – activating a
series of proteins inside the cell

A

Signal transduction

80
Q

____ – change in behavior that
occurs inside the cell

A

Response

81
Q

____ refers to the duration of the time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half

A

half life of a hormone

82
Q

_____ involves the hormones- secreting tissues and organs of the body

A

endocrine system

83
Q
A

General Physiology (4 decks)

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