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General Physiology > Lecture 2: Membranes, Channel, and Transport > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Membranes, Channel, and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

• separates the cytoplasm from the external environment

A

Cell membrane

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2
Q

•one of the most important cell organelles
• a highly selective permeable barrier thatsurrounds all living cells

A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

• controls how molecules and compounds move in and out of the cell
• very important for proper nutrition, maintenance of irritability of the cells, and homeostasis

A

Cell membrane

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4
Q

Cell membrane is very important for_____, ____, and _____

A

proper nutrition, maintenance of irritability of the cells, and homeostasis

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5
Q

Cell membrane significance:

A

• define boundaries and serve as permeability barriers
• compartmentalization (for organization and localization of specific functions)
• signal detection
• cell-to-cell communication

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6
Q

•lipid-based structure
that encloses the cytosol

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

Cell membrane is a ____ structure that encloses the cytosol

A

lipid-based

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8
Q

Cell membrane sustain different concentrations of certain ions on their two sides, leading to ______

A

concentration gradient

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9
Q

In cell membrane ____ participates in the transport of substances

A

Protein

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10
Q

-Describes the organization of cell membranes

A

The Fluid Mosaic Model

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11
Q

The ____ is a mosaic mixture of phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and other molecules

A

bilayer

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12
Q

The bilayer is a mosaic mixture of ___, ___,___, and ____

A

phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and other molecules

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13
Q

The cell membrane is composed of ____, ____, _____ arranged in a fluid mosaic structure.

A

phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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14
Q

The cell membrane is composed of ____ and ____ kept together by non-covalent interactions

A

lipid and protein molecules

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15
Q

cell membrane is composed of lipid and protein molecules kept together by ______

A

non-covalent interactions

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16
Q

Most of their lipid and protein molecules “float” in the plane of the ____

A

bilayer

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17
Q

– impermeable to the passage of most water-soluble molecules

A

Lipid bilayer

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18
Q

It is fundamental structure of the membrane

A

lipid molecules

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19
Q

It is a kind of protein that usually span from one side of the phospholipid bilayer to another

A

Integral protein

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20
Q

It is the kind of protein that can sit on the surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral protein

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21
Q

-can slide around the membrane very quickly and collide with each other, but seldom flip from one side to the other
- responsible for most of the membrane’s properties

A

Proteins

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22
Q

Type of protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer provide a mechanism for trans-membrane transport

A

Integral proteins

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23
Q

Examples of integral protein

A
  1. passive-transport pores and channels
    2.active-transport pumps
  2. carriers
  3. membrane- linked enzymes,
  4. chemical signal receptors
  5. transducers
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24
Q

Examples of integral protein

A
  1. passive-transport pores and channels
    2.active-transport pumps
  2. carriers
  3. membrane- linked enzymes,
  4. chemical signal receptors
  5. transducers
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25
Q
  • associated with the surface of the membrane via electrostatic interaction
A

Peripheral proteins

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26
Q

inside surface maintain cell shape or cell motility

A

Protein

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27
Q

-catalyzing reactions in the cytoplasm.

A

enzymes

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28
Q

Protein can act as a _____( specific binding site where hormones or other chemicals can bind)

A

Receptors

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29
Q

-Used as cell signaling and cell recognition

A

protein

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30
Q

Proteins in the plasma membrane may provide a variety of major cell functions such as

A
  1. transport
  2. enzymatic activity
  3. signal transduction
  4. intercellular joining
    5.cell- ell recognition
  5. attachment to cytoskeleton to ECM
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31
Q

Special function of proteins

A
  1. Adhesion proteins
  2. Recognition proteins
  3. Receptor proteins
  4. Enzymes
  5. Transport proteins (active and passive)
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32
Q

-clumping of blood

A

Agglutination

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33
Q

Type O blood has no ____

A

antigen

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34
Q

Type O blood has both ____ anti bodies

A

A and B

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35
Q

The serum used in blood typing (consists of anti bodies)

A

Antisera

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36
Q

If the recipient is Rh+, you can donate if you are ___

A

Rh+ and -

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37
Q

If the recepient is Rh-, you can donate if you are ___

A

Rh-

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38
Q

Rh- mother and Rh + baby

A

compatible at first but no longer applicable for second child since the antibodies of the mother can now recognized the foreign substance which is the blood of Rh+ baby

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39
Q

found on the outer surface and attached to the proteins or sometimes to the phospholipids

A

Carbohydrates

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40
Q

Carbohydrates is found on the ____ and attached to the proteins or sometimes to the phospholipids

A

outer surface

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41
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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42
Q

It form a cell coat or glycocalyx outside the cell membrane

A

Carbohydrates

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43
Q

form a cell coat or glycocalyx outside the
cell membrane

A

Carbohydrates

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44
Q

protection and cell
recognition

A

glycocalyx

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45
Q

____ bear oligosaccharide side chains and are vital for cell recognition and communication

A

Glycoprotein

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46
Q

Primary types of Lipids

A
  1. Phosphoglycerides
  2. Spingolipids
  3. Sterols
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47
Q

It is the glycerol backbone

A

Phosphoglycerides

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48
Q

Its backbone made of sphingosine bases

A

Spingolipids

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49
Q

Its backbone made of sphingosine bases

A

Spingolipids

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50
Q

They are the cholesterol, nonpolar and only slightly soluble in water

A

Sterols

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51
Q

They are the cholesterol, nonpolar and only slightly soluble in water

A

Sterols

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52
Q

phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids are _____

A

amphipathic

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53
Q

phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids are _____

A

amphipathic

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54
Q

Amphiphatic is _____

A

one end is hydrophilic, and the other is hydrophobic

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55
Q

Amphiphatic is _____

A

one end is hydrophilic, and the other is hydrophobic

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56
Q

differences in the lengths of
the two fatty acid tails and their composition influence ____

A

fluidity

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57
Q

depends on its composition and ____ (binds weakly to phospholipids making the membrane less fluid but stronger)

A

cholesterol

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58
Q

membrane molecules are held in place by relatively weak ___

A

hydrophobic interactions

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59
Q

most lipids and some proteins can drift ____ in the plane of the membrane, but rarely ____ from one layer to the other.

A

laterally; flip- flop

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60
Q

The ____ temperature, the fluid state become solid. Phospholipids become compact

A

lower

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61
Q

At warm temperatures, the ____ restrain the movement of the phospholipid and. reduce fluidity

A

steroid cholesterol

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62
Q

_____, it restrains the movement of phospholipids and reduces fluidity

A

at warm temperatures

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63
Q

at______, steroid cholesterol maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

A

cool temp

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64
Q

membrane show the progressive removal of proteins when subjected to digestion with ____

A

proteolytic enzyme

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65
Q

_____ splits a membrane along the middle of
the phospholid bilayer prior to electron microscopy.

A

Freeze fracture

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66
Q

______ shows protein particles interspersed with a smooth matrix, supporting the fluid mosaic model.

A

freeze fracture

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67
Q

Due to the Cell membrane ______, it regulates the passage of materials (gases, nutrients, wastes) in and out of the cell

A

Selective permeability

68
Q

The ____ makes membranes highly impermeable to most polar molecules

A

hydrophobic interior

69
Q

2 types of transport system

A
  1. Passive Process
  2. Active transport
70
Q
  • no energy expenditure and move down their normal gradient
A

Passive process/transport

71
Q

Example of passive process

A

• simple diffusion/lipid diffusion
• osmosis
• facilitated diffusion/passive Transport

72
Q

• requires metabolic energy and moves
substances against their gradients

A

Active Transport

73
Q

• requires metabolic energy and moves
substances against their gradients

A

Active Transport

74
Q

the 3 basic route in passive transport

A
  1. Dissolving in the lipid phase
  2. Diffusion through labile or fixed aqueous channels
  3. Carrier-mediated transport (facilitated or active transport)
75
Q

In this route, the molecules diffuse through the membrane.

-dissolves directly in the lipid bilayer

  • diffuses across the thickness of the lipid or protein layer

-enters the aqueous phase on the opposite side

A
  1. Dissolving in the lipid phase
76
Q
  • solute molecule remains in the aqueous phase
  • diffuses through aqueous channels (water-filled pores in the membrane)
A
  1. Diffusion through labile or fixed aqueous channels
77
Q
  • solute molecule remains in the aqueous phase
  • diffuses through aqueous channels (water-filled pores in the membrane)
A

Diffusion through labile or fixed aqueous channels

78
Q
  • solute molecule combines with a carrier molecule dissolved in a membrane
  • carrier “mediates” or “facilitates” the movement of the solute molecule across the membrane
A
  1. Carrier-mediated transport (facilitated or active transport)
79
Q
  • random thermal motion of suspended or dissolved molecules causes their dispersion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations
A

Diffusion

80
Q
  • random thermal motion of suspended or dissolved molecules causes their dispersion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations
A

Diffusion

81
Q
  • Net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) along a concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
A

Diffusion

82
Q
  • Net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) along a concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
A

Diffusion

83
Q

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from _____ to ____

A

high concentration to a lower concentration

84
Q

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from _____ to ____

A

high concentration to a lower concentration

85
Q

In the absence of other forces, a substance will diffuse from where it is ____ to where it is _______ (down its concentration gradient).

A

more concentrated ; less concentrated

86
Q

diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is _____(exergonic)

A

passive transport

87
Q

This protein assist molecules with limited permeability to diffuse through the lipid bilayer

A

Transport proteins

88
Q

This protein assist molecules with limited permeability to diffuse through the lipid bilayer

A

Transport proteins

89
Q

______ of a membrane to a substance is the rate at which that substance passively penetrates the membrane under a specified set of conditions.

A

permeability

90
Q

a few substances can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer part such as the ______

A

lipid-soluble molecules such as steroids, or very small molecules, such as H2O, O2 and CO2

91
Q

The rate of diffusion depends on five factors such as

A

◦ Size
◦ Temperature
◦ Steepness of the concentration gradient
◦ Charge
◦ Pressure

92
Q

In lipid solubility, high mobility means ___ lipid solubility

A

high

93
Q

Hydrogen bond with water - ____ mobility with high hydrogen bond with water

A

low

94
Q

Factors that influence mobility of solute molecule

A
  1. Lipid solubility
  2. Hydrogen bond with water
  3. Molecular weight
  4. Molecular shape
  5. Partition coefficient
95
Q

Factors that influence mobility of solute molecule

A
  1. Lipid solubility
  2. Hydrogen bond with water
  3. Molecular weight
  4. Molecular shape
  5. Partition coefficient
96
Q

It is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is a special case of passive transport

A

Osmosis

97
Q

It is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is a special case of passive transport

A

Osmosis

98
Q

Osmosis continues until the solutions are ____

A

isotonic

99
Q

In ____, water moves from higher to lower water potential (down its concentration gradient)

A

Osmosis

100
Q

In osmosis, the movement of water can produce a _____ (a fluid mechanical pressure), resulting in a pressure gradient across a semipermeable membrane

A

hydrostatic pressure

101
Q

_____ - pertains to solvent particles

A

Osmosis

102
Q

_______ the difference in hydraulic
pressures of a solution and water (interfacing one another at either side of an SPM) which must be overcome to prevent the entry of water into the solution across the membrane

A

osmotic pressure

103
Q

_____ - when two aqueous solutions exert
the same osmotic pressure through a
membrane permeable only to water.

A

Isosmotic

104
Q

_____ - if one solution exerts less
osmotic pressure than the other

A

Hypoosmotic

105
Q

_____ – if one solution exerts greater
osmotic pressure than the other

A

Hyperosmotic

106
Q

_____ - the concentration of a solution
expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter

A

Osmolarity

107
Q

_____ – response of cells or tissues
immersed in the solution

A

Tonicity

108
Q

_____ –osmotic pressure property of a solution

A

Osmoticity

109
Q

____ – no osmotic pressure difference between the cell and interior and the extracellular solution; no net water gain;
cell/tissue neither shrinks nor swell.

A

Isotonic solution

110
Q

*If the tissue swells because it absorbs water,
the solution is ______to the tissue

A

hypotonic

111
Q

*If the tissue shrinks because it loses water, the solution is _____ to the tissue.

A

hypertonic

112
Q

More water content means _____

A

turgid cells

113
Q

Lesser water content means ____

A

plasmolyzed cells

114
Q

____ - hydrostatic pressure that puts cell walls in tension

A

Turgor Pressure

115
Q

The membrane of bacteria is attracted to the ___

A

hydrophobic tail present in soap

116
Q
  • through transmembrane protein
A

Facilitated Diffusion/Passive Transport

117
Q

_____ tend to be specific for one
molecule, so substances can only cross a
membrane if it contains the appropriate
protein

A

transport proteins

118
Q

2 kinds of transport proteins

A

Channel and Carrier

119
Q

The water-filled pore or channel in the membrane allows _____ to diffuse across membranes

A

charged substances (usually ions)

120
Q

_______ in the membrane
allows charged substances (usually ions) to
diffuse across membranes

A

water-filled pore or channel

121
Q

Most channels can be ____ (opened or
closed), allowing the cell to control the entry
and exit of ions

A

gated

122
Q

____ – small organic compounds
that specifically transports ions across
the plasma membrane

A

Ionophores

123
Q

Types of ionophores

A
  1. carrier ionophore
  2. Channel-forming ionophore
124
Q

Some ______, ______open or close depending on the presence or absence of a physical or chemical stimulus.

A

channel proteins, gated channels

125
Q

Types of gated channels

A
  1. Voltage-gated
  2. Ligand-gated (extracellular ligand)
  3. Ligand-gated (intracellular ligand)
  4. Stress-activated
126
Q

_____ –transports a single solute from
one side of the membrane to the other

A

Uniporters

127
Q

Types of membrane channel

A
  1. uniporters
  2. Coupled transporters
128
Q

Types of coupled transporters

A
  1. symporters
  2. Antiporters
129
Q

_____ - transfer one solute
and simultaneously or sequentially transfer a
second solute

A

Coupled transporters

130
Q

A coupled transporters that transfer solutes in the same direction

A

Symporters

131
Q

A coupled transporters that transfer solutes in opposite directions

A

antiporters

132
Q

the rate of influx ____ in proportion to
the concentration of the solute in the
extracellular fluid

A

increases

133
Q

In ____ substance will bind on the side with higher concentration and be released at the lower concentration side

A

Diffusion through a carrier

134
Q

___ – require metabolic energy
and moves substances against their gradients

A

Active transport

135
Q

In active transport, the proteins are ____, different protein pump for
each molecule to be transported

A

highly specific

136
Q

____ supplies the energy for
most active transport

A

ATP

137
Q

___ - actively maintains the gradient of sodium (Na+) and potassium
ions (K+) across the membrane

A

*Sodium-potassium pump

138
Q

Important Features of Active Transport

A
  1. Transport can take place against substantial concentration gradient
  2. Exhibit high degree of selectivity
  3. ATP or other sources of energy are required
  4. Certain membrane pumps exchange one kind of molecule or ion from one side of the membrane for another kind of molecule or ion from the other side
    5.Some pumps perform electrical work by producing a net flux of charge
  5. Selectively inhibited by specific blocking agents.
  6. Energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP by enzymes (ATPases) present in the membrane
139
Q

____ - run on energy stored in
ion gradients

A

Symporter

140
Q

_____ Na+ /H+ antiporter in
the proximal tubule of the
mammalian kidney

A

Antiporters

141
Q

For each H+ expelled, one ____ is
taken up into the cell

A

Na+

142
Q

Lipid diffusion

A

no energy, protein, not specific. and not controllable

143
Q

osmosis

A

no energy, proteins, specific, not controllable

144
Q

passive transport

A

no energy, use protein, specific, controllablea

145
Q

active transport

A

use energy, use proteins, specific, controllable

146
Q
  • Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the ____ or by _____
A

lipid bilayer or by transport
proteins

147
Q

Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and
proteins, cross the membrane via ___

A

vesicles

148
Q

Movement across membranes

A
  1. endocytosis
  2. exocytosis
149
Q

Examples of endocytosis

A

*Pinocytosis
*Phagocytosis
*Receptor-mediated
endocytosis

150
Q

____ - cell brings in macromolecules and
particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

151
Q

______ ) - cell creates a vesicle around a droplet of extracellular fluid
◦ non-specific process

A

Pinocytosis (cellular drinking)

152
Q

cellular eating

A

Phagocytosis

153
Q
  • Depends on the presence of receptor molecules embedded in the cell membrane
  • triggered when extracellular substances bind to special receptors, ligands, on the membrane surface, especially near coated pits
A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

154
Q

_____ - transport vesicle that
budded from the Golgi
apparatus is moved by
the cytoskeleton to
the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

155
Q

Three main types
of intercellular
links:

A
  1. tight junctions,
  2. adhering junctions (zonula adherens,
    desmosomes),
  3. gap junctions
156
Q

____ , type of a junction in which the membranes of adjacent cells are fused,
forming continuous belts
around cells

  • it prevent leakage of extracellular fluid
    across a layer of epithelial cells
A

Tight junction

157
Q
  • A type of junction that fasten cells together into strong sheets,
    much like rivets

-reinforced by intermediate filaments of keratin

-attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle

A

Desmosome (anchoring junctions)

158
Q

Type of juntion that provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
- salt ions, sugar, amino
acids, and other small
molecules can pass

A

Gap junction (communicating junctions)

159
Q

Osmotic properties of water

A
  1. Ionic steady state
  2. cell volume
160
Q

____ – every cell maintains
concentrations of inorganic solutes inside the
cell that are different from those outside the cell

A

Ionic steady state

161
Q

Two ways to prevent osmotic swelling

A

a. pump water out as fast as it leaks in
b. pump out solutes that leak into the cell – major
mechanism for regulation of cell volume

162
Q

Membrane permeability to charged particles
depends both on the ____ and _____

A

membrane permeability
constant and on the electrical signal.

163
Q

Two Forces can act on charged atoms and
molecules to produce a net passive diffusion of each species across a membrane:

A
  1. chemical gradient
  2. electric field
164
Q

____ - arising from differences
in the concentration of the substance on the
two sides of the membrane

A

chemical gradient

165
Q

____ - difference in electric potential
across the membrane

A

Electric field

166
Q
  • ion will move away from regions of ______ and it that ion is positively charged it will also move toward increasing negative
    potential
A

high
concentration

167
Q
A

General Physiology (4 decks)

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