Lecture 3 Flashcards
what are the 2 possibilities for chimps having ToM
a chimp’s mind seems similar because it is
a chimp’s mind is distorted by humans viewing it in our own image
what did premack and woodruff find regarding chimps having ToM
chimp offered correct solutions when actor was doing something the chimp knew how to do but incorrectly
what is the povinelli side of the chimp ToM debate
chimps do not reason about others’ beliefs or any other mental states
they only understand surface-level behaviours
what is the tomasello side of the chimp ToM debate
chimps have ToM in some respects but not entirely
no evidence for understanding of false beliefs, but evidence for understanding goals and intentions
what does altruistic helping require
cognition (understanding someone’s goals)
altruism (doing something for no benefit)
what did warneken & tomasello find regarding altruistic helping in chimps
children and chimps both willing to help without reward
chimps helped more in “something out of reach” task than other 3
chimps show understanding of goals and intentions
what did butterworth and maurer find regarding infants’ eye gazing
they prefer open eyes
they prefer direct eye contact
they start following gaze at 6m
what do apes understand with eye gaze
they can follow gaze but rely more on head direction than eye direction
what did povinelli et al find regarding chimps and eye gazing
when chimps are faced with two humans with food, one blindfolded, they beg indiscriminately
negative evidence for chimps understanding perception
overall, what can best describe chimps’ eye gaze ability
they are experts at noticing eye movements and gaze directions
but they this doesn’t mean that they know that seeing is “about” something
what did kaminski et al find regarding positive evidence for chimps understanding perception
they beg for food more when being watched
sensitive to both body and face orientation (but not eyes)
what did melis et al find regarding auditory perspective taking
chimps reach through a silent tunnel rather than a noisy one when in presence of humans
when no noise, choice is indiscriminate
what was call & tomasello’s test and results for understanding false belief
man hides treat under 1 of 2 cups
he leaves, cups swap, he returns then points at cup
if chimps look under cup the man didn’t point to, they pass
none passed
what was marticorena et al’s false belief task findings
rhesus monkeys can represent the knowledge and ignorance of others, but not themselves
directly contrasts with 15m humans
what is krupenye et al’s false belief test and results
eye tracking found that great apes anticipate others will act according to false beliefs
