LECTURE 3

Question 1

What is negative pressure wave?

Answer 1

rarefaction

Question 2

2 modes of waves

Answer 2

Longitudinal and shear

Question 3

Relationship b/w absorption and penetration:

Answer 3

We want more absorption, which results in less penetration

Question 4

If US head is not moved, this results in what wave?

Answer 4

Stationary

Question 5

Range of therapeutic US frequency from_____ to______

Answer 5

.75 MHz to 3 MHz

Question 6

Intensity measured in?

Answer 6

w/cm2- Watts

Question 7

What is cavitation?

Answer 7

effect of small gas bubbles growing and then contracting in harmony with the sound wave.

Question 8

What setting would be used to decrease swelling

Answer 8

Low intensity- 0.1-0.5, 10% low duty cycle

Question 9

How does ultrasound act non-thermally?

Answer 9

Acoustic streaming- stimulate the cell membrane

Question 10

Purpose of gel:

Answer 10

lubricate the skin, minimally absorb US, decrease impedance, if it hits the skin ultrasound wave will bounce right back

Question 11

Depth of TX what is important?

Answer 11

Frequency- depth

Question 12

Contraindications of US:

Answer 12

Open wounds, pregnancy, skin infection

Question 13

How does the shape of shockwave differ from the US?

Answer 13

Shock wave is really only a positive wave with a ripple, US comes up and down.

Question 14

Shockwave is generally better for conditions which are?

Answer 14

Chronic

Question 15

The most common type of shockwave:

Answer 15

Radial

Question 16

Unlike US, shockwave does not have what?

Answer 16

A crystal, has a piston

Question 17

What does SEMG actually measure?

Answer 17

Depolarization of an axon- electrically activity in a nerve

Question 18

What does GSR measure

Answer 18

Sweat

Question 19

Why might somebody benefit from down-training?

Answer 19

Chronic stress conditions- chronic headaches, migraines, etc.

Question 20

What is a commonly uptrained muscle?

Answer 20

Vastus medialis obliques, infraspinatus, tibialis ant.

Question 21

positive pressure wave called?

Answer 21

Compression

Question 22

Frequency =

Answer 22

depth

Question 23

The higher the frequency-depth, the greater the ?

Answer 23

absorption in superficial tissue

Question 24

Total power is measured in

Answer 24

watts. watts/cm 2

Question 25

most common transducer head size

Answer 25

is 5 cm2

Question 26

ERA

Answer 26

effective radiating area, Cannot effectively rad more than 2x the US head

Question 27

Unstable cavitation happens more readily at 1 MHz. Why?

Answer 27

US wave will go deeper= get more water

Question 28

acoustic streaming-

Answer 28

gas bubbles are bouncing along

Question 29

Non-thermal effects cont. - US

Answer 29

Phagocytic (WBC) activity increases as does fibroblastic activity Protein synthesis by fibroblasts occurs Angiogenesis (blood vessels) is enhanced Capillary density is increased Wound contraction enhanced

Question 30

Precautions US

Answer 30

Active epiphysis Acute injury or inflammation Damaged or at-risk skin Infection Skin disease Impaired circulation or sensation Impaired cognition or communication Plastic or cement implants Regenerating nerves

Question 31

Contraindications US

Answer 31

Hemorrhagic conditions Eyes, anterior neck, carotid sinus, reproductive organs Electronic device DVT or thrombophlebitis (local) Malignancy (local) Pregnancy (local) Tuberculosis (local) Recently radiated tissue (local)

Question 32

shockwave or ESWT means

Answer 32

extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)

Question 33

most common SW

Answer 33

radial

Question 34

Contraindications of Shockwave

Answer 34

Pregnancy Over major blood vessels and nerves Pacemakers or other implanted devices Open wounds Joint replacements Epiphysis Blood clotting disorders including thrombosis Infection Cancerous tissues A compromised mental status of the patient and/or the inability to cooperate.

Question 35

Biological effects of shockwave

Answer 35

Increase cell wall permeability Increase circulation Release substance P (irritation to nerve endings)to initiate inflammatory response and immune response vasodilation

Question 36

what does the electromyogram do?

Answer 36

measures muscle activity. Two electrodes (or sensors) are placed on the skin over the muscle to be monitored

Question 37

What does "up-train" mean?

Answer 37

means to increase muscle activity

Question 38

What does "down-train" Mean?

Answer 38

means to decrease muscle activity (tone)

Question 39

Commonly down-trained muscles?

Answer 39

Upper trapezius Masseter Temporalis