LECTURE 2

Question 1

5 mechanisms of delivering heat?

Answer 1

Conduction, convection, radiation, conversion, and evaporation

Question 2

Definition of convection heating

Answer 2

transference of heat to a body by the movement of air, matter, or liquid around or past the body. E.g., Whirlpool (hot or cool)

Question 3

What part of the brain gets signalled from hot and cold receptors, initiating shivering or sweating?

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

2 examples of deep heating:

Answer 4

short wave Diathermy and ultrasound shock wave

Question 5

How deep do deep heating modalities penetrate

Answer 5

3-5 cm

Question 6

What is vigorous heating temp?

Answer 6

40-45 degrees C

Question 7

Temperature of the hydrocollator?

Answer 7

71-79 degrees C

Question 8

How does heat decrease pain and spasm?

Answer 8

It closes the “gate” that sends pain signals to the cerebral cortex A beta, increase firing of GTO, and decrease firing of muscle spindle

Question 9

Contraindications for heat and ice?

Answer 9

Open wounds, compromised circulation, anesthetic skin, application to eyes or genitals, application onto the abdomen during pregnancy

Question 10

Signs of cold sensitivities?

Answer 10

hives, drop in BP, facial flushing, an increase in HR and syncope

Question 11

Why heat vs cold?

Answer 11

heat- used chronically, is preferred as it soothes pain. Cold can reduce swelling and redness

Question 12

Name of proteins that are created under heat (or cold stress) and act as chaperones to make sure the other proteins are unfolded correctly

Answer 12

Heat shock proteins

Question 13

Temperature Regulation strategies:

Answer 13

shivering or sweating

Question 14

Conduction:

Answer 14

heat loss or gain through direct contact between materials with different temps. E.g., Heat absorbed by body when using a hot pack

Question 15

Convection:

Answer 15

transference of heat to a body by the movement of air, matter, or liquid around or past the body. E.g., Whirlpool (hot or cool)

Question 16

Radiation:

Answer 16

transfer of heat from a warmer source to a cooler source. E.g. A heat lamp

Question 17

Conversion:

Answer 17

temp change that results when energy is transformed from one form to another. E.g., Ultrasound (mechanical energy to thermal energy)

Question 18

Evaporation:

Answer 18

transformation from a liquid to a gas. This requires an energy exchange. E.g., Sweating.

Question 19

Insulator vs. Conductor

Answer 19

Adipose tissue acts as insulation to underlying tissues, thus limiting the degree of temperature change in deeper tissues

Blood and muscle have a relatively high, water content and thus readily absorb and conduct heat

Question 20

Superficial heat

Answer 20

(1-3 cm)

Question 21

Mild heating is when tissue temps are

Answer 21

less than 40 degrees C

Question 22

reflex heating is?

Answer 22

apply indirect heat for the effected part by applied direct heat fortorso or opposite extremity or on the abdomen, this causes vasodilatation ( dilation in blood-vessel ) and a general increase in the blood flow, Blood flow then increases to the ischemic part

Question 23

Reduction of muscle spasm

Answer 23

Deep heat can cause a reduction in the firing muscle spindles (Type II) and an excitation of 1b (GTO) which can cause relaxation

Question 24

If tissue is heated b/t 40-45 deg C and a significant load is added, what occurs?

Answer 24

plastic deformation

Question 25

Subcutaneous tissue reaches max temp increase in how many minutes?

Answer 25

6-8 minutes

Question 26

Skin and subcutaneous tissues increase 5-6 deg C in 6 min and last how long?

Answer 26

30 minutes

Question 27

Contraindicationsfor Heat Applications

Answer 27

Acute injury/inflammation
Uncovered open wounds
Compromised circulation
Anesthetic skin- cant feel it don’t use it
Application directly to eyes or genitals
Application directly over the abdomen during pregnancy

Question 28

what is Diathermy

Answer 28

A deep heating agent that increases heat at tissue depths of 3-5 cm without overheating the skin and fat

Question 29

Capacitive vs Inductive

Answer 29

CAPACITIVE- SWD-goes through limb
inductive- MWD-inductive coil- goes around limb

Question 30

Hsps are rapidly synthesized in response to temperatures above?

Answer 30

42°C

Question 31

How long can the “hunting response” last

Answer 31

12-30 minutes when tissue temps are below 15 deg C

Question 32

cooling effects can penetrate from

Answer 32

1-4cm in depth

Question 33

TX goals cold

Answer 33

decrease pain and muscle spasm

Question 34

How long to apply ice? CBAN

Answer 34

COOL; then it BURNs; then it feels ACHY; finally, it feels NUMB, take off when numb

Question 35

Cold Precautions

Answer 35

Patients with thermoreg problems
Sensory deficits
Hypersensitivity to cold
Cold can elevate BP. Hypertensive patients should be monitored during treatment

Question 36

Contraindications-cold

Answer 36

Cold sensitivities
Raynaud’s disease
Anesthetic skin