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BIO 30 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Physical, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral traits of an individual

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

the genetic constitution that an individual inherits

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Alleles in a gene pair separate cleanly from each other during meiosis.

A

Law of Segregation

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4
Q

This law states that genes for different characters are inherited independently of one another or alleles of different gene pairs separate independently from each other and randomly combine during meiosis.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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5
Q

inherited factor on the chromosome responsible for a trait

A

Gene

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6
Q

location of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

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7
Q

alternative forms of a gene

A

allele

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8
Q

Determined by its genotype and its interaction with the environment

A

Phenotype

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9
Q

Gene exerting full effect despite the presence of another allele of the same gene

A

Dominant

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10
Q

Gene not expressed in the presence of another allele

A

Recessive

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11
Q

Two copies of the same allele of a gene

A

Homozygous

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12
Q

Two different alleles of the same gene

A

Heterozygous

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13
Q

Cross between two individuals with contrasting traits

A

Hybridization

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14
Q

First generation produced after mating between parents that are homozygous for different alleles

A

F1 of First Filial Generation

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15
Q

The generation produced by self fertilization or sib-mating of F1 individuals

A

F2 of Second Filial Generation

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16
Q

The cross of a heterozygotes with one of its parents

A

Backcrossing

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17
Q

Mendel used what kind of plants?

A

self-pollinated, green peas (Pisum sativum)

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18
Q

One dominant allele is enough to express the dominant trait. Homozygous dominant and heterozygote have the same phenotype.

A

Complete dominance

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19
Q

Consider two traits at the same time

A

Dihybrid Cross

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20
Q

Alleles of different gene pairs separate independently from each other and randomly combine during meiosis

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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21
Q

If two pairs of contrasting traits are inherited independently, to predict the frequencies of F2 phenotypes. Apply what?

A

Product Law of Probabilities

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22
Q

If two events are not independent the likelihood of an outcome is referred to as

A

Conditional Probability

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23
Q

discovered isolated nuclein from nuclei of pus cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

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24
Q

discovered that nucleus is required in cell division and fertilization

A

O. Hertwig

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25
Q

Discovered that chromosomes are in the nucleus

A

Strassburger and Fleming

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26
Q

the presence of a dominant allele is enough to express the dominant trait

A

Complete dominance

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27
Q

F1 phenotype is intermediate

A

Incomplete dominance

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28
Q

Aa is superior compared to AA and aa. heterosis or hybrid vigor

A

Overdominance

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29
Q

the products of the two alleles in the heterozygote are present

A

Co-dominance

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30
Q

ABO blood groups is discovered by?

A

Karl Landsteiner

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31
Q

the reason behind ABO blood types?

A

difference in oligosaccharide (antigen)

32
Q

genes that can cause death

A

Lethal Genes

33
Q

Two types of Lethal Genes?

A
  1. Recessive Lethal
  2. Dominant Lethal
34
Q

lethal when homozygous recessive could result to a recognizable phenotype when heterozygous?

A

Recessive lethal gene

35
Q

Manx allele, Tay-sachs disease, and Xeroderma pigmentosum are example of what?

A

Recessive lethal gene

36
Q

This disease obtain abnormal spine development, extreme development abnormality, which causes death of the embryo

A

Manx allele (Mnl)

37
Q

This disease is homozygous recessive; normal at birth. deterioration of the central nervous system starts before one year old. Loss of neuromuscular control; blindness

A

Tay-Sachs disease

38
Q

This disease lacks DNA repair enzyme, photosensitive

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

39
Q

lethal when homozygous dominant or heterozygous

A

Dominant lethal gene (0:1)

40
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Dominant lethal

41
Q

gene changes phenotypic effect of other genes in a quantitative fashion. dilution or enhancement effect

A

Modifier Genes

42
Q

non allelic interaction of two or more genes which results in a modified phenotypic ratio. the interaction between two or more genes determine a single phenotype

A

Gene Interaction

43
Q

interaction of two or more genes determined by observing certain phenotypic ratios (in the progeny of heterozygous parents)

A

Epistasis

44
Q

Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 9:3:3:1

Example: comb type in poultry

A

Novel Phenotypes

45
Q

Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 9:3:4

homozygous recessive gene hides the effect of the other gene

Example: Coat color in mouse

A

Recessive epistasis

46
Q

Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 12:3:1

dominant gene masks the expression of the other gene

Example: Fruit color in summer squash

A

Dominant epistasis

47
Q

Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 13:3

one gene when dominant is epistatic to the second; the second gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the first

Example: Feather color in poultry

A

Dominant epistasis

48
Q

Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 9:7

either gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the other gene

Example: Flower color in pea

A

Complementary gene action

49
Q

Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 15 :1

either gene when dominant is epistatic to the other gene

Ex. shape of seed capsule in Bursa

A

Duplicate gene action

50
Q

Star-asteroid in Drosophila
Star and star recessive (ast)
- two different mutants
- located on the same chromosome

A

Pseudoalleles

51
Q

phenotype is not only dependent on the genotype but also on the position of the genes on the chromosome

A

Lewis effect or position effect

52
Q

proportion of genotype that shows the expected phenotype

A

Penetrance

53
Q

all will show the trait (100%)

A

complete penetrance

54
Q

not all will show the trait

A

incomplete penetrance

55
Q

degree in which a particular phenotypic effect is exhibited by an individual

A

Expressivity

56
Q

Two types of expressivity

A
  1. Constant expressivity
  2. Variable expressivity (Polydactyly)
57
Q

one gene has multiple phenotypic effects.

example: Sickle cell anemia

A

Pleiotropy

58
Q

an environmental mimic of gene action. an environmental factor induces a particular phenotype that resembles a genetically determined phenotype.

A

Phenocopy

59
Q

drug to cure morning sickness, that caused Phocomelia (underdeveloped limbs)

A

Thalidomide

60
Q

Environmental factors responsible for differences in penetrance & expressivity

A
  1. External environmental
    - temperature, light nutrition, maternal relations
  2. Internal environment
    - age, sex (limited and influenced), substrates
61
Q

both members or twins show or don’t show the trait

A

Concordant

62
Q

only one member shows the trait

A

Discordant

63
Q
  • high concordance in identical twins
  • low concordance in
A

High hereditary influence

64
Q
  • equal concordance and discordance between identical and fraternal twins
A

Low hereditary influence & high environmental influence

65
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Complete dominance?

A

3:1

66
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Overdominance?

A

1:2:1

67
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Incomplete/Partial Dominance

A

1:2:1

68
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Codominance

A

1:2:1

69
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Dominant Lethal?

A

0:1

70
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Recessive Lethal?

A

1:2
3:0
1:0

71
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Dominant Epistasis?

A

12:3:1
13:2

72
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Recessive Lethal?

A

9:3:4

73
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Duplicate Genes?

A

15:1

74
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Complementary Genes?

A

9:7

75
Q

F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Novel Phenotypes?

A

9:3:3:1

BIO 30 (3 decks)

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