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BIO 30 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral traits of an individual

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

the genetic constitution that an individual inherits

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Alleles in a gene pair separate cleanly from each other during meiosis.

A

Law of Segregation

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4
Q

This law states that genes for different characters are inherited independently of one another or alleles of different gene pairs separate independently from each other and randomly combine during meiosis.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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5
Q

inherited factor on the chromosome responsible for a trait

A

Gene

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6
Q

location of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

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7
Q

alternative forms of a gene

A

allele

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8
Q

Determined by its genotype and its interaction with the environment

A

Phenotype

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9
Q

Gene exerting full effect despite the presence of another allele of the same gene

A

Dominant

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10
Q

Gene not expressed in the presence of another allele

A

Recessive

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11
Q

Two copies of the same allele of a gene

A

Homozygous

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12
Q

Two different alleles of the same gene

A

Heterozygous

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13
Q

Cross between two individuals with contrasting traits

A

Hybridization

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14
Q

First generation produced after mating between parents that are homozygous for different alleles

A

F1 of First Filial Generation

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15
Q

The generation produced by self fertilization or sib-mating of F1 individuals

A

F2 of Second Filial Generation

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16
Q

The cross of a heterozygotes with one of its parents

A

Backcrossing

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17
Q

Mendel used what kind of plants?

A

self-pollinated, green peas (Pisum sativum)

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18
Q

One dominant allele is enough to express the dominant trait. Homozygous dominant and heterozygote have the same phenotype.

A

Complete dominance

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19
Q

Consider two traits at the same time

A

Dihybrid Cross

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20
Q

Alleles of different gene pairs separate independently from each other and randomly combine during meiosis

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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21
Q

If two pairs of contrasting traits are inherited independently, to predict the frequencies of F2 phenotypes. Apply what?

A

Product Law of Probabilities

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22
Q

If two events are not independent the likelihood of an outcome is referred to as

A

Conditional Probability

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23
Q

discovered isolated nuclein from nuclei of pus cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

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24
Q

discovered that nucleus is required in cell division and fertilization

A

O. Hertwig

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25
Discovered that chromosomes are in the nucleus
Strassburger and Fleming
26
the presence of a dominant allele is enough to express the dominant trait
Complete dominance
27
F1 phenotype is **intermediate**
Incomplete dominance
28
Aa is superior compared to AA and aa. heterosis or hybrid vigor
Overdominance
29
the products of the two alleles in the heterozygote are present
Co-dominance
30
ABO blood groups is discovered by?
Karl Landsteiner
31
the reason behind ABO blood types?
difference in oligosaccharide (antigen)
32
genes that can cause death
Lethal Genes
33
Two types of Lethal Genes?
1. Recessive Lethal 2. Dominant Lethal
34
lethal when homozygous recessive could result to a recognizable phenotype when heterozygous?
Recessive lethal gene
35
Manx allele, Tay-sachs disease, and Xeroderma pigmentosum are example of what?
Recessive lethal gene
36
This disease obtain abnormal spine development, extreme development abnormality, which causes death of the embryo
Manx allele (Mnl)
37
This disease is homozygous recessive; normal at birth. deterioration of the central nervous system starts before one year old. Loss of neuromuscular control; blindness
Tay-Sachs disease
38
This disease lacks DNA repair enzyme, photosensitive
Xeroderma pigmentosum
39
lethal when homozygous dominant or heterozygous
Dominant lethal gene (0:1)
40
Huntington’s disease
Dominant lethal
41
gene changes phenotypic effect of other genes in a quantitative fashion. dilution or enhancement effect
Modifier Genes
42
non allelic interaction of two or more genes which results in a modified phenotypic ratio. the interaction between two or more genes determine a single phenotype
Gene Interaction
43
interaction of two or more genes determined by observing certain phenotypic ratios (in the progeny of heterozygous parents)
Epistasis
44
Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 9:3:3:1 Example: comb type in poultry
Novel Phenotypes
45
Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 9:3:4 homozygous recessive gene hides the effect of the other gene Example: Coat color in mouse
Recessive epistasis
46
Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 12:3:1 dominant gene masks the expression of the other gene Example: Fruit color in summer squash
Dominant epistasis
47
Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 13:3 one gene when dominant is epistatic to the second; the second gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the first Example: Feather color in poultry
Dominant epistasis
48
Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 9:7 either gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the other gene Example: Flower color in pea
Complementary gene action
49
Non-allelic interaction that has a F2 ratio: 15 :1 either gene when dominant is epistatic to the other gene Ex. shape of seed capsule in *Bursa*
Duplicate gene action
50
Star-asteroid in Drosophila Star and star recessive (ast) - two different mutants - located on the same chromosome
Pseudoalleles
51
phenotype is not only dependent on the genotype but also on the position of the genes on the chromosome
Lewis effect or position effect
52
proportion of genotype that shows the expected phenotype
Penetrance
53
all will show the trait (100%)
complete penetrance
54
not all will show the trait
incomplete penetrance
55
degree in which a particular phenotypic effect is exhibited by an individual
Expressivity
56
Two types of expressivity
1. Constant expressivity 2. Variable expressivity (Polydactyly)
57
one gene has multiple phenotypic effects. example: Sickle cell anemia
Pleiotropy
58
an **environmental mimic of gene action**. an environmental factor induces a particular phenotype that resembles a genetically determined phenotype.
Phenocopy
59
drug to cure morning sickness, that caused Phocomelia (underdeveloped limbs)
Thalidomide
60
Environmental factors responsible for differences in penetrance & expressivity
1. **External environmental** - temperature, light nutrition, maternal relations 2. Internal environment - age, sex (limited and influenced), substrates
61
both members or twins show or don’t show the trait
Concordant
62
only one member shows the trait
Discordant
63
- high concordance in identical twins - low concordance in
High hereditary influence
64
- equal concordance and discordance between identical and fraternal twins
Low hereditary influence & high environmental influence
65
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Complete dominance?
3:1
66
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Overdominance?
1:2:1
67
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Incomplete/Partial Dominance
1:2:1
68
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Codominance
1:2:1
69
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Dominant Lethal?
0:1
70
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Recessive Lethal?
1:2 3:0 1:0
71
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Dominant Epistasis?
12:3:1 13:2
72
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Recessive Lethal?
9:3:4
73
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Duplicate Genes?
15:1
74
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Complementary Genes?
9:7
75
F2 Phenotypic Ratio of Novel Phenotypes?
9:3:3:1

BIO 30 (3 decks)

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