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BIO 30 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cell consists of two distinct area in which living cells are in constant motion

A
  1. Cytoplasm - the major portion of the protoplasmic substance
  2. Nucleus - dark staining body within the cytoplasm
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2
Q

There is no nuclear membrane (and organelles) that separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm.

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

There is a nuclear membrane (and organelles) that separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm.

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

The Cell Cycle has two phases which are?

A

Interphase and Division Phase

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5
Q

Two types of Cell Division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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6
Q

Chromosome consists of?

A
  • chain of nucleosomes (nucleosomes + DNA)
  • chromatin fiber
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7
Q

Nucleosome core has two each of?

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

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8
Q

Parts of Chromosome?

A
  1. Centromere
  2. Chromosome Arms
  3. Telomere
  4. Sister Chromatid
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9
Q

It isa a folded chromatic fiber, carrier of genes, and protein scaffold

A

Chromosome

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10
Q

the primary director of cellular activity and inheritance

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

The nuclear content consists of a dark network or?

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

Dark network during cell division becomes distinct bodies or?

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

One or more spherical bodies that may be found attached to specific chromosome regions

A

Nucleoli

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14
Q

a permanent well-defined region of chromosomes where kinetochore proteins attach to

A

centromere

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15
Q

bind the kinetochore

A

spindle fibres

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16
Q

centromere is located at the middle (median)

A

metacentric

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17
Q

centromere is located at the close to the middle (submedian)

A

submetacentric

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18
Q

centromere is located near one end (subterminal)

A

acrocentric

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19
Q

centromere is located at the end of the chromosome (terminal)

A

telocentric

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20
Q

more than one constriction may be observed in some chromosomes.

A

Secondary Chromosomes

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21
Q

The pinching off of a small chromosomal section form what?

A

Satellite

22
Q

The smaller “beads on the string: are called?

A

chromomeres

23
Q

The larger “Beads on the string: are called?

A

knobs

24
Q

complete set of genes/chromosomes coming from male or female parent, basic chromosome number (X=n)

A

Genome

25
Q

Somatic chromosome no.

A

Diploid (2n)

26
Q

Gametic chromosome no.

A

Haploid (n)

27
Q

equational division, results in two identical cells

A

Mitosis

28
Q

Stage of Mitosis where chromosomes are visibly composed of sister chromatids. This is also where the chromosomes shorten and thicken and the nucleus diminishes in size

A

Prophase

29
Q

Stage of Mitosis where chromosomes align at the equatorial plane?. This is also where the nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fiber appears.

A

Metaphase

30
Q

Stage of Mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

31
Q

Stage of Mitosis where chromosomes regrouped at the poles. After cytokinesis, two cells are formed.

A

Telophase

32
Q

Reductional division, results in haploid cells that are distinct.

A

Meiosis

33
Q

It is the first and longest phase in the cell cycle. The cell increases in volume by imbibing water and nutrients and building new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.

A

G-1 Phase

34
Q

At this period, DNA replication/synthesis occur

A

S Phase

35
Q

This period is characterized by the synthesis of RNA and proteins necessary for chromosome synthesis and for mitotic spindle.

A

G-2 Phase

36
Q

During this period, structural changes of chromosomes are visible.

A

M Phase

37
Q

Prophase I consist of 5 substages:

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

38
Q

A substage in Prophase: the thin thread stage

A

Leptotene

39
Q

A substage in Prophase: homologous pairing stage. Formation of bivalents (II) and chiasmata hold II together.

A

Zygotene

40
Q

A substage in Prophase: Crossing-over stage, formation of chiasma, leads to genetic recombination.

A

Pachytene

41
Q

A substage in Prophase: II separation starting at the centromere. Terminalization of chiasmata

A

Diplotene

42
Q

A substage in Prophase I: II are evenly distributed. Best stage to establish the chromosome number

A

Diakinesis

43
Q

alignment of II at the equatorial plane

A

Metaphase I

44
Q

separation of II into univalent (I) and accounts for reductional division

A

Anaphase I

45
Q

chromosomes re-grouped at the opposite poles. Two haploid cells formed

A

Telophase I

46
Q

a phase in Meiosis where separation of sister chromatids occur

A

Anaphase II

47
Q

Phase where four haploid cells are formed

A

Telophase II

48
Q

complete set of chromosomes

A

genome

49
Q

a cross between homozygous individuals that are different from each other at one gene locus

A

Monohybrid cross

50
Q

a cross between two homozygous individuals that are different from each other at two gene locus

A

Dihybrid cross

51
Q
A

BIO 30 (3 decks)

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