Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is categorization ?
process of simplifying the enviroment by creating categories (called social groups) based on characteristics that a set of people have in common
What are basic social categories ?
the social categories of race, age, and gender for which people have a wealth of information available in memory
What are subtypes ?
Binds different social categories
What is bottom-up processing ?
based on the observable characteristics of the people we encounter
What is top-down processing ?
perceivers call up on prior knowledge they have stored in memory and their expectations about interactions to classify others
What is prototypicality ?
the extent to which the person’s physical features match those that are considered essential charactersitics of a basic social category
What is the minimal group paradigm ?
placement into the “overestimator” or “underestimator” group was random and so was not based on the participants actual responses, therefore, any differences
What is ingroup bias ?
Own group is more deserving
What is social identity ?
those aspects of an individual’s self-image that derive from the social categories to which they perceives themselves as belonging
What is ingroup indentification ?
Extent to which the ingroup is included part of the self
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect ?
tendency to perceive ingroup members as more varied than outgroup members
What is illusory correlations ?
beleifs that incorrectly link two characteristics, such as age and a personality trait
What is stereotype endorsement ?
extent to which a person fully agrees with the social stereotype of a group
What is stereotype activation ?
extent to which a stereotype comes to mind
What is stereotype application ?
using a stereotype to judge someone
What are self-fulfilling prophecies ?
people’s behaviour towards others leads those others to behave in a stereotype-consistent manner
What is subtyping ?
When a discrepant case is encountered, they create a special category and view it as an exception to the rule
What is concentrated disconfirmation ?
disconfirming information is a rare example; perceivers create a new category to account for this unusual case
What is dispersed disconfirmation ?
disconfirming information found in many examples; the exception becomes part of the rule, chaning the group stereotype
What is the stereotype as knowledge hypothesis ?
more accurate stereotypes should be found among perceivers with more intelligence, education and contact with the stereotyped group
What is the egalitarian-denial hypothesis ?
In their attempt to be egalitarian, many perceivers are motivated to understate real group differences
What is cultural competence ?
Ability to understand and interact effectively with people from other cultures
