Lecture 3

Question 1

thermogensis:

Answer 1

the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature

Question 2

how is thermogensis increased?

Answer 2

muscle activity such as moving or shivering

Question 3

nonshivering thermogensis:

Answer 3

when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

Question 4

what may change lipid composition of cell membranes?

Answer 4

temperature

Question 5

what do ectotherms produce when temperatures are subzero?

Answer 5

they produce “antifreeze” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells

Question 6

bioenergetics:

Answer 6

the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
–determines an animal’s nutritional needs, and it relates to an animal’s size, activity, and environment

Question 7

what happens to the remaining food molecules after the needs of staying alive are met?

Answer 7

used in biosynthesis

Question 8

biosynthesis:

Answer 8

– body growth and repair
– synthesis of storage material such as fat and production of gametes

Question 9

metabolic rate:

Answer 9

the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a unit of time
–determined by an animal’s heat loss or the amount of oxygen consumed or CO2 produced
– measures energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products

Question 10

basal metabolic rate (BMR):

Answer 10

the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature

Question 11

standard metabolic rate (SMR):

Answer 11

the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

Question 12

both BMR and SMR are:

Answer 12

nongrowing, fasting, and nonstressed animal

Question 13

ectotherms have much lower or higher metabolic rates than endotherms?

Answer 13

lower

Question 14

what affects metabolic rates?

Answer 14

age, sex, size, activity, temp., and nutrition

Question 15

metabolic rate is proportional to what?

Answer 15

the body mass to the power of three-quarters; (m3/4)

Question 16

do smaller or larger animals have higher metabolic rates per gram than larger animals?

Answer 16

smaller animals

Question 17

the higher metabolic rate of smaller animals lead to what compared to a larger animal?

Answer 17

– higher oxygen delivery rate
– breathing rate
– heart rate
– greater blood volime

Question 18

what is the maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain inversely related to?

Answer 18

the duration of activity
– the average daily rate of energy consumption is two to four times BMR/SMR
– animals energy budget devoted to activity depends on environment, behavior, size, and thermoregulation

Question 19

torpor:

Answer 19

a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
–enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions
– Daily torpor is exhibited by many small mammals and birds and seems adapted to feeding patterns

Question 20

The molecular components of the biological clock stop oscillating during

Answer 20

hibernation

Question 21

hibernation is

Answer 21

winter topor
—- Hibernation is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
—- Metabolic rates during hibernation can be 20 times lower than if the animal attempted to maintain normal body temperature (36–38ºC).

Question 22

estevation is

Answer 22

summer topor
—- enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

Question 23

An organism’s life history entails three key component:

Answer 23

1. The age at first reproduction (maturity)
2. How often the organism reproduces
3. How many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

Question 24

types of modes of reproduction:

Answer 24

1. oviparous
2. ovoviviparous
3. viviparous

Question 25

oviparous:

Answer 25

producing young by means of eggs that hatch after being laid by their parent
ex: birds, chicken

Question 26

ovoviviparous:

Answer 26

producing young by means of eggs that hatch within the parent
– embryos develop within the mother’s body, depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs
– the young do not receive any additional nurtreints from the mother
– young either hatch within the mother’s body or released immediately before hatching
– swim freely after hatching
ex: rays, guppies, some sharks, seahorse

Question 27

viviparous:

Answer 27

producing young that have developed inside the body of their parent
ex: humans, horses

Question 28

parthenogenesis:

Answer 28

some animals may produce eggs that develop directly into offspring without gertilization
ex: insects, reptiles, fishes
– reproduce sexually often but can chose base on their environment conditions

Question 29

exponential model:

Answer 29

describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
– species play the probability game

Question 30

So why isn’t Earth one giant pile of sea urchins, locusts, or dinoflagellates?

Answer 30

– Critters run out of resources (food, water, oxygen, limiting elements) conditions become crappy (space, reproductive barriers, competition, disease) or some combination thereof.
– There is usually a carrying capacity

Question 31

environmental factors that limit populations are collectively known as?

Answer 31

environmental resistance and stressors
– decrease O2 supply
– low food supply
– disease
– predators
– limited space

Question 32

Intrinsic rate of increase (r) species:

Answer 32

the population indices that calculates how fast a population is growing or shrinking at any moment in time; provides rate

Question 33

population size will increase if…

Answer 33

birth rate exceeds death rate

Question 34

K species:

Answer 34

those that are consistently at carrying capacity
– max/top of slope

Question 35

r-selected life cycle strategies:

Answer 35

• short-term thinking (want instant gratification, unwilling to plan for the future)
• quantity over quality (high reproduction rate, low survival rate for offspring)
• low investment in relationships and parenting
• low in group preferences (low loyalty)
• status is based on deception and lying
• avoids competition
• open to any and all new experiences
  ex: oyster, fish, frog, rabbit

Question 36

K-selected life cycle strategies:

Answer 36

• long term thinking ( defers gratification, makes plans for the future)
• quality over quantity (monogamy, high offspring survival rate)
• high investment in relationships and parenting
• want and value children
• strong in-group prefences
• status is based on merit and virtue
• embraces competition(thrives)
• very risk-calculating and cautions
• enjoy routine and stability
  ex: large cat, chimps, wolfs

Question 37

K-selection/density dependent selection:

Answer 37

is selection for (against) life history traits that are advantageous at high population densities

Question 38

K species =

Answer 38

low number of offspring with huge energy investment by parent to help navigate these high density areas

Question 39

r-selection:

Answer 39

is selection for (against) life history traits that maximize reproductive success at low density

Question 40

r species =

Answer 40

density independent selection: have as many offspring as you possible can as the area can provide enough resources for a high proportion of new inhabitants

Question 41

density:

Answer 41

species per are or volume

Question 42

density dependence:

Answer 42

the more critters in a local population, the quicker resources are used up

Question 43

the size of the population is influenced by what?

Answer 43

the body size of the fish in the population