Lecture 1

Question 1

how many species of fungi are there?

Answer 1

1.5 million

Question 2

hyphae:

Answer 2

tiny filaments composed of tubular
walls surrounding plasma membranes and
cytoplasm that make up the body of a fungus

Question 3

mycelium:

Answer 3

the interwoven “mat” of hyphae aka “feeding” network of a fungus

Question 4

fungi and their hidden filaments are…?

Answer 4

hetetrophic decomposers
–employ enzymes to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller ones aka nutrients associated with their surroundings outside of their body

Question 5

why are fungi essential in ecosystems?

Answer 5

break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

Question 6

what are fungi responsible for?

Answer 6

disease, medicine, food, booze, mutualistic interactions; can be predatory, parasitic, beneficial, detrimental to hosts

Question 7

who is more related to fungi?

Answer 7

animals more closely related then plants

Question 8

Phyla Chytridiomycota–Chytrids

Answer 8

– fresh water
– marine habitats
– hypothermal vents
– some terrestrials
– produce flagellated zoospores

Question 9

Zygomycota

Answer 9

– molds
– parasites
– commensal symbionts
– hyphae are coenocytic
– produce zygosporangia
– bread molds

Question 10

Glomeromycota

Answer 10

– arbuscular mycorrhizae
– once considered zygomycetes

Question 11

Ascomycetes

Answer 11

– sac fun
– vary in size
– vary in complexity from unicellular years to morels
– found in marine
– freshwater
– terrestrial habitats
– spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
– 65,000 species

Question 12

Basidiomycota

Answer 12

– mushrooms
– puffballs
– shelf fungi
– mycorrhizae
– parasites
–structure is clublike called basidium
– transiet 2n stage

Question 13

who do fungi form mutualistic relationships with?

Answer 13

plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals

Question 14

what do mutualistic fungi do?

Answer 14

absorb nutrients from the host organism and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

Question 15

what are the two major types of mycorrhizal?

Answer 15

1. ectomycorrhiza
2. arbuscular mycorrhizae

Question 16

symbiotic endophytes:

Answer 16

fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts make toxins to help defend the host plant; others help the plant tolerate heat, drought, or heavy metals

Question 17

some fungi help break down plant material in…?

Answer 17

the guts of cows and other grazing mammals. Many species of ants use the digestive power of fungi

Question 18

lichen:

Answer 18

a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus: photosynthetic sugar for fungi and protection and nutrients for algae

Question 19

30% of known fungal species are…?

Answer 19

parasites or pathogens
–mostly on or in plants

Question 20

10% to 50% of the world’s fruit harvest is lost due to…?

Answer 20

fungi often making crops are toxic to humans

Question 21

Ergot on rye:

Answer 21

– ascomycete
– produces toxins
–contains lysergic acid(raw material for LSD)
– 40k ppl died over it in the middle ages

Question 22

chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis:

Answer 22

implicated in the decline or extinction of about 200 species of amphibians worldwide

Question 23

mycoses Coccidioidomycosis:

Answer 23

– ringworm
– athletes foot
– tubercuolsis symptoms
– yeast infections

Question 24

fungi asexual reproduction:

Answer 24

producing spores, which are tiny reproductive structures that are dispersed by wind, water, or other means. When a spore lands on a suitable substrate, it germinates and grows into a new haploid mycelium.

Question 25

fungi sexual reproduction:

Answer 25

by fusing with another compatible haploid individual to form a diploid zygote. This process is called plasmogamy. The diploid nucleus then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which can then germinate and grow into new mycelia.

Question 26

fungi are haploid or diploid dominant life cycle?

Answer 26

haploid-dominant life cycle

Question 27

mushrooms:

Answer 27

These are the fruiting bodies of some fungi, such as agarics and boletes, that release spores for reproduction.

Question 28

conidia:

Answer 28

These are asexual spores produced by some fungi, such as molds and yeasts.

Question 29

ascospores:

Answer 29

These are sexual spores produced by some fungi, such as ascomycetes.