Lecture 2

Question 1

connective tissue:

Answer 1

forms the framework of the body, binding and supporting other tissues
–ex: fibers, fats, bone, cartilage, and blood

Question 2

bone:

Answer 2

– a connective tissue comprised of collagen fibers in calcium salts
– located in rigid parts of the skeleton
– function is to give support to the body.

Question 3

loose connective tissue:

Answer 3

– comprised of fibers
– widespread packing material
– holds organs in place

Question 4

fibrous connective tissue:

Answer 4

– comprised of parallel fibers
– located in tendons and ligament
– connects bones and muscles

Question 5

cartilage:

Answer 5

a connective tissue comprised of rubbery collagenous matrix
– located in flexible parts of the skeleton
– supports the body

Question 6

blood:

Answer 6

– a connective tissue comprised of liquid plasma matrix
– transports gases, nutrients, and waste materials

Question 7

adipose tissue:

Answer 7

– storage
– insulation
– padding

Question 8

three types of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein:

Answer 8

1. collagenous fibers
2. reticular fibers
3. elastic fibers

Question 9

collagenous fibers provide

Answer 9

strength and flexibility

Question 10

reticular fibers join

Answer 10

connective tissues to adjacent tissue

Question 11

elastic fibers stretch

Answer 11

and snal back to their orginial length

Question 12

connective tissues contains what kind of cells

Answer 12

specialized

Question 13

types of specialized cells in connective tissue:

Answer 13

1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages

Question 14

fibroblasts:

Answer 14

secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
– aids in tissue structure and repair by depositing collagen

Question 15

macrophages:

Answer 15

identifies a foregin material and intiates an immune response towards said bacteria

Question 16

nervous tissue:

Answer 16

– receipt, processing, and transmission of information
– neurons (nerve cells) which transmit nerve impulses
– Glial cells (glia) support neurons associated with tissue

Question 17

neurotransmitters:

Answer 17

communication is driven by synapse responses

Question 18

what does control and coordination within a body depend on?

Answer 18

endocrine system and nervous system

Question 19

endocrine system:

Answer 19

releases signaling molecules called hormones into the bloodstream and may affect one or more regions throughout the body only if that region has a receptor for the hormone

Question 20

hormones:

Answer 20

relatively slow acting but can have long-lasting effects

Question 21

nervous system:

Answer 21

uses neurons to transmit signals along specific axon routes connected to specific organs and systems for the response
–nerve signal transmission is very fast compared to hormones

Question 22

thermoregulation:

Answer 22

homeostasis

Question 23

how do animals manage their internal environment?

Answer 23

regulating or conforming

Question 24

regulator:

Answer 24

uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

Question 25

conformer:

Answer 25

allow its internal condition to vary with certain external chnages

Question 26

negative feedback loops:

Answer 26

aid in regulator homeostasis
ex: too hot = nervous system to reduce sweat leading to evaporation and cooling

Question 27

endotherms:

Answer 27

maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in environmental temperature
ex: walrus

Question 28

endothermy:

Answer 28

more energetically expensive than ectothermy

Question 29

ectotherms:

Answer 29

tolerate greater variation in internal temperature
ex: lizard

Question 30

poikilotherm:

Answer 30

varies with its environment

Question 31

homeotherm:

Answer 31

relatively constant

Question 32

what is the relationship between heat source and body temperature?

Answer 32

not fixed
ex: not all poikilotherms are ectotherms, vice versa

Question 33

Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes:

Answer 33

1. Radiation – sunny and warm
2. Evaporation – removal of heat from surface of a liquid due to physical change
3. Convection – transfer of heat by movement of air or water; breezy and cool
4. Conduction – heat rock

Question 34

five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate:

Answer 34

1. insulation
2. circulatory adaptations
3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
4. behavioral responses
5. adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 35

insulation:

Answer 35

skin, feathers, fur, and blubber

Question 36

circulatory adaptations:

Answer 36

– Regulation of blood flow near the body surface
– alter amount of blood flowing between the body core and the skin
– vasodilation
– vasoconstriction

Question 37

cooling by evaporative heat loss:

Answer 37

– sweating
– bathing
– panting

Question 38

behaviroal responses:

Answer 38

– seek warms places when cold
– orientation to minimize/maximize heat absorption

Question 39

adjusting metabolic heat production:

Answer 39

– Thermogenesis moving or shivering;
—- nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity.
– Some mammals have brown fat for increased heat production during hibernation

Question 40

countercurrent exchange:

Answer 40

arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and bired

Question 41

countercurrent heat exchangers:

Answer 41

transfer heat bewteen fludis dlowing in opposiye directions and thereby reduce heat loss
–ex: sharks, dishes, insects, endothermic insects use to maintain high temp in thorax

Question 42

what can change lipid composition of cell membranes?

Answer 42

temperature
–When temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce “antifreeze” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells

Question 43

where is thermoregulation controlled in mammals?

Answer 43

a region of the brain called the hypothalamus which triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms

Question 44

fever:

Answer 44

response to some infections, reflects an increase in the normal range for the biological thermostat