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BIO 231 [Exam #1] > Lecture #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the special characteristics of epithelia and describe them

A

SCRAPS
- Specialized contacts: cells joined by special junctions
- Cellularity: cells separated by minimal extracellular material
- Regeneration: lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division
- Avascular, but innervated: epithelial cells receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue
- Polarity: cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface
- Support by connective tissue

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2
Q

Name the structure that is a noncellular supporting sheet between epithelial tissue and the connective tissue deep to it

A

basal lamina

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3
Q

What are the functions of the basal lamina?

A
  • acts as selective filter (determines which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium)
  • acts as scaffolding (along which regenerating epithelial tissues cells can migrate)
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4
Q

What forms the basement membrane?

A
  • basal lamina
  • reticular layers
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5
Q

Which epithelia consists of a single layer with flat cells containing disc-shaped nuclei?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
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6
Q

Which epithelia consists of a single layer of square-shaped cells with large, spherical central nuclei?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

Which epithelia consists of a simple layer of rectangular cells with round nuclei?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

Which epithelia has cells that originate at the basement membrane, but only tall cells reach the apical surface; nuclei lie at varying heights

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q

Which epithelia contains deeper layers of cells can appear cuboidal or columnar and is the thickest epithelial tissue

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium? Describe what they do.

A
  • keratinized: on epidermis (surface cells are dead + full of keratin); contains protective protein keratin; waterproof
  • nonkeratinized: forms moist lining of body openings
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11
Q

What is generally two layers of cube-shaped cells?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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12
Q

Which epithelia is several layers where the basal cells are usually cuboidal and superficial cells are elongated?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Which epithelia has characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous? Superficial cells are dome-shaped when the bladder is relaxed, and squamous when full.

A

transitional epithelium

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14
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • passage of material by passive diffusion and filtration
  • secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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15
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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16
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • secretion of mucus and absorption
  • ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
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17
Q

What is the function of psuedostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion and propulsion of mucus by cilia

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18
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion

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19
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

protection

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20
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection and secretion

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21
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

permits distention of urinary organs when filled

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22
Q

Describe endocrine glands: Where does it secrete and what does it produce?

A
  • ductless gland
  • secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid
  • produces messenger molecules: hormones
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23
Q

What duct carries product of itself to the epithelial surface?

A

exocrine gland

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24
Q

Where is fibroblast found? What does it make?

A
  • CT proper (loose and dense)
  • makes protein subunits
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25
Q

What secretes the matrix in cartilage?

A

chondroblast

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26
Q

What secretes the matrix in bone?

A

osteoblasts

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27
Q

What fiber is the strongest and can resist tension?

A

collagen fiber

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28
Q

Which fiber bundles of special type of cartilage?

A

reticular fibers

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29
Q

Which fiber can recoil after stretching?

A

elastic fibers

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30
Q

Describe ground substance: What is it produced by? Texture? Function?

A
  • produced by: primary cell type
  • gel-like substance
  • cushions and protects body structures
  • holds tissue fluid
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31
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

fibers + ground substance

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32
Q

What tissue has a gel-like matrix with all three fiber types and underlies epithelial tissue?

A

areolar connective tissue

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33
Q

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

A
  • Wraps and cushions organs
  • Important role in inflammation
  • Holds and conveys tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
34
Q

What cell is found in areolar connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

35
Q

What tissue contains a nucleus that is pushed to one side by fat droplet and has closely packed fat cells?

A

adipose connective tissue

36
Q

What is the function of adipose connective tissue?

A

SIP
- supports and protects organs
- insulated against heat loss
- provides reserve food fuel

37
Q

What cell is found in adipose connective tissue?

A

adipocytes

38
Q

What tissue produces heat and occurs in babies to aid in thermoregulation?

A

brown adipose connective tissue

39
Q

What tissue has a network of fibers in a loose ground substance?

A

reticular connective tissue

40
Q

What is the function of reticular connective tissue?

A

forms soft, internal skeleton that supports other cell types

41
Q

What cells are found in reticular connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblast (reticular cells)
  • lymphocyte
42
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A
  • resists strong pulling forces
  • more collagen fibers than areolar connective tissue
43
Q

What tissue has fibroblasts that are located between collagen fibers, has great tensile strength, and is poorly vascularized?

A

dense regular connective tissue

44
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • withstands great stress in one direction
  • attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone
45
Q

What tissue has collagen fibers that are thick and irregularly arranged?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

46
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • withstands tension
  • provides structural strength
47
Q

What tissue has elastic fibers that are predominate?

A

elastic connective tissue

48
Q

What is the function of elastic connective tissue?

A

recoil after stretching

49
Q

What cells are found in CT proper?

A

fibroblast, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells

50
Q

What cells are found in cartilage?

A

chondroblast and chondrocytes

51
Q

Describe cartilage’s similar structural components

A
  • firm, yet flexible
  • no blood vessels/nerves
52
Q

What are chondroblasts and what do they do?

A
  • immature cartilage cells
  • secrete matrix
53
Q

What tissue has chondroblasts that produce the matrix and that chondrocytes lie within a cavity in a matrix called lacunae?

A

hyaline cartilage connective tissue

54
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • supports, reinforces, and acts as a cushion
  • resists repetitive stress
55
Q

What tissue is similar to hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers in the matrix?

A

elastic cartilage connective tissue

56
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage connective tissue?

A
  • maintain the shape of the structure
  • allows great flexibility
57
Q

What tissue has a matrix that is less firm than hyaline cartilage and has thick collagen fibers that are predominate?

A

fibrocartilage connective tissue

58
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A
  • tensile strength
  • absorbs compressive shock
59
Q

What tissue has a matrix made of inorganic calcium salts and collagen fibers and is well vascularized?

A

bone tissue

60
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

secrete collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix

61
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells in lacunae

62
Q

What are the functions of the bone tissue?

A
  • supports and protects organs
  • provides levers and attachment site for muscle
  • bone marrow is site for blood cell formation
  • stores fat, calcium, and other minerals
63
Q

What cells are found in bone tissue?

A

osteocytes and osteoblast

64
Q

What tissue is an atypical connective tissue and has red and white blood cells in a nonliving fluid matrix?

A

blood tissue

65
Q

What is the function of blood tissue?

A

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste

66
Q

What cells are found in blood tissue?

A
  • erythrocyte
  • leukocyte
  • platelets
67
Q

What tissue is being described as having long, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and has obvious striations?

A

skeletal muscle tissue

68
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A
  • voluntary movement and manipulation of the environment
  • facial expression
69
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located?

A

attaches to bones (sometimes skin)

70
Q

What tissue contains branching cells, are uninucleate, and cells interdigitate at intercalated disk?

A

cardiac muscle tissue

71
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

contracts to propel blood into circulatory system

72
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

walls of the heart

73
Q

What tissue has spindle-shaped cells, are arranged closely to form sheets, and has no striations?

A

smooth muscle tissue

74
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  • propels substances along internal passageways
  • involuntary control
75
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue located?

A

walls of hollow organs

76
Q

What tissue is the main component of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?

A

nervous tissue

77
Q

What two cells are found in the nervous tissue? Define them

A
  • neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses
  • neuroglia: supporting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect neurons
78
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

79
Q

What does the cutaneous membrane line? Give an example.

A

covers the body surface (skin)

80
Q

What does the mucous membrane do?

A

lines hollow organs that are open to surface of body (ex. respiratory system, digestive tract, etc)

81
Q

What does the serous membrane do?

A

lines closed cavities (pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities)

82
Q

Describe serous membrane: What is it made of and what does it produce?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue
  • produces: serous fluid

BIO 231 [Exam #1] (4 decks)

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