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BIO 231 [Exam #1] > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer that contains membrane proteins (integral & peripheral proteins)

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2
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • provides barrier against substances outside the cell
  • determines which substances enter or leave the cell (membrane is selectively permeable)
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3
Q

Which membrane protein are firmly imbedded in the plasma membrane and help transport molecules across it?

A

integral proteins

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4
Q

Which protein is attached to the plasma membrane surface and support the plasma membrane from the cytoplasmic side?

A

peripheral proteins

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5
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

molecules move down their concentration gradient

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6
Q

Define osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

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7
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through an integral protein

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8
Q

Define active transport

A

integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient

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9
Q

All molecules want to move from a _______ concentration to a _________ concentration

A

high, low

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10
Q

Water wants to move to a _____________ solute concentration

A

higher

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11
Q

Water wants to move to a _____________ solute concentration

A

higher

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12
Q

What is crucial between cells and their surroundings to an organism?

A

water balance

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13
Q

Define tonicity

A

the tendency of a cell to lose or gain water in a solution

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14
Q

Describe an isotonic solution?

A

solute concentration is the SAME in the cell and in the solution (no osmosis occurs; cell volume remains constant)

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15
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

solute concentration is greater in the cell than in the solution (cell gains water through osmosis - cell burst;lysed)

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16
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

solute concentration is lower in the cell than in the solution (cell loses water through osmosis - cell shrivels)

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17
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

a mechanism that moves substances OUT of the cell (substance enclosed in vesicle -> vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane)

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18
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

mechanism by which particles ENTER cells

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19
Q

What are the types of endocytosis? Describe them

A
  • phagocytosis (cell eating)
  • pinocytosis (cell drinking)
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis (plasma proteins bind to certain molecules; invaginated and form coated pit, then pinches off to become a coated vesicle)
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20
Q

What method do insulin, other hormones, and enzymes enter cells?

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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21
Q

Describe cytoplasm

A
  • lies internal to the plasma membrane
  • consist of cytosol and organelles
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22
Q

Describe cytosol

A
  • jellylike fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended
  • consists of water, ions, and enzymes
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23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? What does it act as?

A
  • site of protein synthesis (translation)
  • act as “assembly line”
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24
Q

Where do free ribosomes function?

A

within the cytosol

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25
Q

Ribosomes that are attached to the ER make proteins…

A
  • to renew plasma membrane
  • that are exported from the cell
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26
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of envelopes and tubes extending throughout the cytoplasm

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27
Q

What organelle has ribosomes on the external surface?

A

rough ER

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28
Q

What organelle consists of tubules in a branching network?

A

smooth ER

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29
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

make proteins and digestive enzymes

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30
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A
  • functions in lipid metabolism
  • makes/breaks down fats
  • stores calcium ions
31
Q

What organelle is a stack of disc-shape cisterns (cavities)

A

golgi apparatus

32
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus? What is it known as?

A
  • sorts products of rough ER and sends them to proper destination
  • known as “packaging and shipping” division (ex. vesicle)
33
Q

What organelle are sacs containing digestive enzymes?

A

lysosomes

34
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes? What is it known as?

A
  • digestive unwanted substances using digestive enzymes
  • known as the “demolition crew”
35
Q

What organelle is surrounded by a double membrane?

A

mitochondria

36
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria? What is it known as?

A
  • generate most of the cell’s energy in the form of ATP
  • known as “powerhouse of the cell”
37
Q

What organelle are sacs of oxidase or catalase enzymes?

A

perioxisomes

38
Q

What is the function of the peroxisomes? What are they known as?

A
  • neutralize free radicals and break down poisons
  • break down long chains of fatty acids
  • known as “toxic waste removal system”
39
Q

Which organs are there numerous amounts of peroxisomes?

A

liver and kidneys

40
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton. What is it made up of?

A
  • elaborate network of rods
  • made of: microfilaments (filaments of contractile protein actin), intermediate filaments (protein fibers), microtubules (cylindrical structures made of protein)
41
Q

What is cilia used for? Where are they found?

A
  • used for motility and feeding (works like rowing team)
  • found in respiratory tract
42
Q

What is the function of flagella? Where is it found?

A
  • propels organisms (works like a whip)
  • found on sperm cells
43
Q

What are cilia and flagella composed of?

A

microtubules

44
Q

Describe a centrosome. What is it composed of?

A
  • spherical structure in the cytoplasm
  • composed of: centrosome matrix and centrioles
45
Q

Describe centrioles. What do they consist of?

A
  • paired cylindrical bodies
  • consists of: short microtubules
46
Q

What acts in forming cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle?

A

centrioles

47
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? What is it known as?

A
  • contains DNA that directs the cell’s activities
  • provides instruction for protein synthesis
  • known as “control center of cell”
48
Q

What organelle has two membranes that are separated by fluid-filled space?

A

nuclear envelope

49
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

allow large molecules to move in and out of the nucleus

50
Q

What is the function of nucleolus? Where is it located and what is it known as?

A
  • site of ribosome subunit assembly
  • located: in center of nucleus
  • known as: little nucleus
51
Q

What is the first phase of INTERPHASE? What happens during this time?

A
  • G1 Phase
  • make proteins and grow rapidly (cell metabolically active)
  • centrioles begin to replicate
52
Q

What is the second phase of INTERPHASE? What happens during this time?

A
  • S (synthetic) Phase
  • DNA replicates itself (ensures daughter cells receive identical copies of genetic material)
53
Q

What is the last phase of INTERPHASE? What happens during this time?

A
  • G2 Phase
  • centrioles are done copying themselves
  • enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
54
Q

What occurs in the M (mitotic) phase?

A

cells divide

55
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus during cell division (chromosomes are distributed to the two daughter cells)

56
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

separation of one cell into two (occurs AFTER mitosis)

57
Q

Name the stages of mitosis in order

A

PMAT
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase

58
Q

What occurs in PROPHASE?

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • centriole pairs separate
  • mitotic spindle forms
  • nuclear membrane fragments
59
Q

What occurs in METAPHASE?

A

chromosomes align along the equator

60
Q

What occurs in ANAPHASE?

A

centromeres of chromosomes split

61
Q

When does telophase begin?

A

when chromosomal movement stops

62
Q

What occurs in TELOPHASE?

A
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • resume threadlike extended-chromatin form
  • new nuclear envelope forms
63
Q

If a growth factor is not released at the three major checkpoints, what will happen?

A
  • the cell cycle will stop
64
Q

What stages are growth factors released at?

A
  • G1 Phase
  • G2 Phase
  • M Phase
65
Q

What cells connect body parts or cover organs?

A
  • fibroblast
  • epithelial cells
  • erythrocytes
66
Q

What is the function of fibroblast?

A

makes and secretes protein component of fibers

67
Q

What is unique about the shape of epithelial cells?

A

shape allows max. number of epithelial cells to pack together

68
Q

What is unique about the shape of erythrocytes?

A

shape provides surface area for uptake of respiratory gases

69
Q

What is the function of skeletal and smooth muscle cells?

A

move organs and body parts

70
Q

What is the function of a fat cell?

A

stores nutrients

71
Q

What is the function of a macrophage?

A

fights diseases (moves through tissue to reach infection sites)

72
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

gathers information and controls body function

73
Q

What is the function of sperm?

A

reproduction (long tail to swim to egg for fertilization)

BIO 231 [Exam #1] (4 decks)

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