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Brain and Behavior > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

exogenous substances

A

from outside the body –> ingested to changed the functioning of the brain and the body

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2
Q

endogenous substance

A

internal substance –> ex: neurotransmitter

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3
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

change shape when transmitter molecule binds to it –> allows ions to come through; ex: aCH receptors

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4
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

alter gene expression and internal expression –> use series of secondary messengers

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5
Q

most common type of neurotransmitters

A

amino acid transmitters

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6
Q

types of amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glutamate –> widespread excitatory transmitter
AMPA and NMDA receptors

GABA –> widespread inhibitory receptor
iontropic receptors –> inhibitory Cl- channels

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7
Q

types of amine transmitters

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, seratonin

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8
Q

about acetylcholine

A

part of cholinergic neurons found in basal forebrain
degradation of these neurons –> associated with Alzheimers
disreuption inferes with learning and memory

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9
Q

dopamine pathways

A

mesostriatal pathway
mesolimbocortical pathway

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10
Q

mesostriatal pathway

A

originates at substantia nigra in midbrain –> importnat for motor control –> degradation results in Parkinsons disease

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11
Q

mesolimbocortical pathway

A

originates in ventral tegmental area; important for learning shaped my positive reinforcement

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12
Q

norepinephrine

A

controls many behaviors from alertness to mood to sexual behaviors

noradrenegic neurons found in locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental area

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13
Q

serotonin

A

mood, vision, anxiety, sexual behavior, sleep, etc.
serotonergic neurons originate in raphe nuclei

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14
Q

peptide neurotransmitter types

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

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15
Q

about peptide hromones

A

opioid peptides –> reduce perception of pain –> mimic morphine
peptides in gut are made by neurons in spinal cord and brain
oxytocin and vasopressin –> memory and pair bonding

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16
Q

gas neurotransmitters

A

nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

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17
Q

abnormalities of gas neurotransmitters

A

produced usually in dendrites (outside axon terminal) and immediately pushed out of neurosn
can immediately diffuse into target cell without transmitter and activate secondary messenger
can be retrograde transmitter –> from postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron

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18
Q

agonist

A

activates receptor

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19
Q

antagonist

A

binds but inhibits receptor

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20
Q

binding affinity

A

degree of attraction between ligand and receptor

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21
Q

efficacy

A

ability to bound ligand to activate the receptor

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22
Q

dose response curve

A

relationship between drug doses and the effects

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23
Q

bioavailable

A

amount of drug that is free to act on the target

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24
Q

biotransformation

A

produces active metabolites that may produce side effect

25
Q

blood brain barrier

A

tight junction between cells of blood vessel in the CNS prevent the movement of large molecules

can limit drug availability –> prevents bigger drugs from entering –> but non polar molecules can still pass easily

26
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

organ systems become more effective at eliminating drug

27
Q

functional tolerance

A

target tissue may alter sensitivity to durg by altering the number of receptors

28
Q

down regualtion

A

in response to an agonist –> less receptor

29
Q

up regulation

A

response to an antagonist –> more receptor

30
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one durg is generalized to other drugs

31
Q

drugs effect on pre synaptic neuron

A

trasnmitter production
transmitter release
autoreceptors affected
transmitter clearance

32
Q

drugs effect on postsynaptic neurons

A

effect transmitter receptors
alter intracellular postsynaptic processes

33
Q

antispychotics

A

blocking dopamine receptors to alleviate symtoms of schizophrenia -> block ability to orgasm

34
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

act on other receptors other than d2 receptors –> may relieve symptoms resistant to typical antipsychotics

35
Q

antidepressants

A

used to treat disturbances of mood –> affective disorders

36
Q

monoamine oxidase

A

inhibitors prevent breakdown of monoamines at synapses

37
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

38
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

prozac, celexa –> act specifically at serotonergic synapses

39
Q

anxiolytics

A

depressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

40
Q

depressants

A

reduce nervous system activity

41
Q

barbiturates

A

early sleep aids that depress nervous –> addictive and easy to overdose on

42
Q

benzodiazepines

A

agonist on GABA receptor and enhance their inhibitory effect

43
Q

opiates

A

morphine, heroine –> effective analgesic
bidn to opioid receptors in the periaqueductal gray

44
Q

endogenous opioids

A

peptides produced in the brain –> enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

45
Q

opioid receptors

A

delta, kappa, mu –> metabotropic recepotrs
drugs that block these reverse the affects of opioids

46
Q

chief ingredient in marijuana

A

delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol

47
Q

effects of marijuana

A

relaxation, mood alterness, stimulation, paranoia
heavy use –> respiratory and cognitive decline
adolescent use –> increased risk of developing schizophrenia

48
Q

receptors of marijuana

A

cannabinoid receptors
endocannabinoids –> analogs marijuana produced in brain –> anandamide

49
Q

stimulants

A

increase nervous activity –> increase exitatory input and decrease inhibitatory activity

50
Q

nicotine

A

stimulant –> increased heart rate, blood pressure, digestive action and alertness
agonist of ACh receptors –> enhance cognitive functin and activate reward/addiction pathway

51
Q

cocaine

A

highly addictive –? blood reuptake of monoamine transmitter so their effects are boosted

52
Q

amphetamine

A

cause larger than normal release of transmitter at axon temrinals –> interfere with breakdown of transmitter; prolonged use can lead to symptoms like schizophrenia or brain damage

53
Q

alcohols effects

A

initial stimulant followed by depressant
GABA and dopamine reward system

54
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

prolonge abuse of alcohol = permannent dmagae to fetus; binge drink can cause brain damage and reduce rate of neurogenesis

55
Q

hallucinogens

A

alter sensory preception and produce unusual experiences through diverse neural actions

56
Q

LSD

A

activates serotonin receptors –> produce mood changes, feelings of creativity and strong visual effects

57
Q

MDMA

A

sitmulates visual cortical serotonin receptors –> changes levels fo dopamine and prolactin
logn term use cna cause mood and cognitive issues –> and have long lasting changes in brain activation patterns

58
Q

major models of drug abuse

A

moral model
disease model
physical dependence model
positive reward model

59
Q

addictive drugs

A

cause dopamine release in nucleus accumbens –> involved in reward pathway
another pathway may involve insula –> damage to this made people stop smoking easily

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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