Lecture 1 Flashcards
input - dendrites
receive information from other cells
integration –> cell body
integrates information it receives
conduction - axons
conducts output information away from the cell body as electrical impulse
output - axon terminals
communicate activity to other cells
motor neurons
axons that stimulate muscles
sensory neurons
have various shapes based on given stimuli and respond to enviornmental stimuli like light odor and touch
interneurons
analyze input from one set of neurons and communicate with others; modulate signals
multipolar neurons
one axon and many dendrites, most common
bipolar neurons
one axon, one dendrite
unipolar neurons
single extension branches in two directions forming input zone and output –> common in things like touch (sensory system)
how is information transmitted
presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
components of synapse
presynaptic membrane –> axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
post synaptic membrane –> dendrite or cell body of PSN
synaptic cleft –> gap that separates membrane
synaptic vesicle
contains neurotransmitters that come from presynaptic axon terminals
released in response to electrical activity
neurotransmitter receptors
specialized proteins in psotsynatpic membrane that react to neurotransmitter molecules
neural plasticity
continual remodeling of neuronal connections
axon hillock
cone shapes area of cell body that leads to the axons
converts input into electrical signals that travel down axon an dinervate target cells
axon collateral
branch of axon that ends in terminal
axon transport
bidirectional movement of materials within an axon
glial cells
assist neuronal activity by providing raw materials, chemical signals and structure and participate in information processing
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheaths in CNS
schwann cells
myelin in neurons in PNS
Nodes of ranvier
gaps between sections of myelin where axons are expsoed –> aid propagation of signal down the axon
astrocytes
stretch around and between neurons, sometimes blood vessels –> secrete chemcials, help form outer membrane of the brain and maintain blood/brain barrier
microglial cells
removes debris from injured or dead cells
central nervous system
brain, spinal cord, eyes
peripheral system
all other parts except for brain and spinal cord
motor nerves
transmit information from spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands
sensory nerves
convey information from the body to the CNS
somatic nervous system
nerves that interconnect brain and the major muscles and sensory systems of the body
autonomic nervous system
connect to internal organs
cranial nerves
innervate the head neck and visceral organs directly from brain
spinal nerves
connected to spinal cord
exclusively sensoyr cranial nerves
olfactory -smell
optic -vision
vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
motor pathway from the brain
- oculomotor - eye movement
trochlear - eye mvoement
abducens - eye movement
spinal accessory - neck muscles
hypoglossal - tongue
sensory AND motor functions
trigeminal -chewing and facial sensations
facial - taste sensations , facial msucles
glossopharyngeal - throat sensations, throat muscles
vagas nerve - innervate heart, liver and intestines
spinal nerves
motor fibers that project from spinal cord and sensory fibers that go back into the spinal cord
segments of spinal cord
cervical - neck - 8 segments
thoracic - trunk - 12 segments
lumbar - lower back - 5 segments
sacral - pelvic - 5 segments
coccygeal - bottom - 1 segment
Major divisions that are on autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic nervous system
innervate sympathetic ganglia –> prepare fight or flight response
parasympathetic nervous system
relax and recuperate; parasympathetic ganglia; close to organs they innervate
cerebral cortex
outermost convoluted layer of the brain
gyri
rigid or raise portions of cortex
sulci
furrowed protions of cortex
lobes
frontal, pariental, occipital, temporal
frontal
decision making, personality
pariental
sensory
occipital
visual processin
temporal
auditory processing
sylvian fissure
boundary of temporal lobe
central sulcus
divides frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
corpus callosum
connects two cerebral hemispheres
post central gyrus
important for touch, behind central cortex
precentral gyrus
in frontal lobe, motor control
gray matter
lacks myelin; more cell bodies and dendrites
white matter
axons with white myelin sheaths
forebrain
telencephalon and diencephalon
hindbrain
developes into cerebellum, pons, medulla
brainstem
hindbrian pons and medulla
cortical neurons
six layers after development
pyramidal cells
most prominent neurons in cerebral cortex, layer III or V
cortical columns
extend and serve information processing units
basal ganglia
motor control
consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
limbic system
emotion and learning
amygdala
emotional regulation and perception of color
hippocampus and fornix
learning
cingulate gyrus
attention
olfactory bulb
sense of smell
thalamus
relay sensory informaton
hypothalamus
control pituitary
superior colliculi
visual processing
inferior colliculi
auditory processing
substantia nigra
basal ganglia
reticular formation
sleep and arousal
periaqueductal gray
pain perception
cerebellum
motor coordination and control, learning
pons
origin of cranial nerves, snesory nad motor nuceli
medulla
respiration and heart rate –> transition from brain to spinal cord
dura matter
tough, outermost layer
pia matter
–> delicate inner skin
arachnoid membrane
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
meningitis
acute infection of the meninges
meningiomas
tumors formed in the meninges–> can cause seizures
ventricular system
series of chambers filled with CSF
lateral ventricles
CSF
third ventricle then foruth ventricle where it exits to circulate to the brain and spinal cord
CT Scans
anatomical map of the brain based on tissue density
MRI
high resolution and less damaging effects –> created by tissue density
fMRI
small chanegs in brain metabolism –> can show how brain structure collaborate
PET
images of brain activity –> identifies which brain region contribute to specific function
TMS
sitmulate cortical regions and record changes of behavior
MEG
measures magnetic field given off by active neurons during cognitive processing
stroke
rupture or blockage of blood
hemorrhagic
rupture in the brain and very deadly
ischemic
blockage of artery –> blood enters and certain, area will die
