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Lipids > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary source of lipids in humans come from ___

A

Diet

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2
Q

Outside of Diet, what are other sources of lipids?

A

Endogenous biosynthesis
Synthetic lipid sources
intra-lipids

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3
Q

What are esterases

A

Digestive enzymes that digest lipid via hydrolysis of ester bonds

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4
Q

3 types of esterases

A

Lipases (TG)
Phospholipases (phospholipids)
Cholesterol esterases (cholesteryl esters)

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5
Q

Where is lingual lipase found?

A

In serrous gland under the tongue

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6
Q

Where is gastric lipase formed?

A

By chief peptic cells

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7
Q

Lingual and gastric lipase are important for what two things?

A

Milk fat digestion and cystic fibrosis (

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8
Q

In cystic fibrosis whats the issue?

A

No pancreatic enzymes

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9
Q

Lingual and gastric lipase are stable under what ph

A

4-6

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10
Q

Milk TAG are esterified at the what position?

A

sn-3

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11
Q

When Milk TG are esterified what is formed?

A

DAG, MAG, and a FFA

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12
Q

Does emulsification occur in stomach?

A

Some

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13
Q

What is slightly emulsified in stomach?

A

GLycolipid action
dietary proteins
phospholipids

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14
Q

Undigested fat in the stomach causes release of what?

A

Secretin

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15
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulate pancrease to release digestive enzymes out the acinar cell, and slow down gastric motility and emptying

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16
Q

Name exocrine portion of pancreas

A

Acinar cells

Duct cells

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17
Q

Is insulin beta or alpha?

A

beta

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18
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Liver

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19
Q

When gallbladder contracts bile is released where?

A

Into cystic duct which joins the common bile duct

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20
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsify fat

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21
Q

What part of small intestine absorbs bile and returns to liver via hepatic portal vein?

A

illeum

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22
Q

Stimulation of lipase is secreted how?

A

neural (sympathetic agonists)
Dietary (high fat)
Mechanical (suckling and swallowing)

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23
Q

Fats are emulsified via what action?

A

hydrolysis

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24
Q

Does emulsification increase or decrease surface area of lipid droplets?

A

Increase

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25
Q

2 things that digest fat?

A

Intestinal endopeptidases and pancreatic lipase

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26
Q

What stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of bile salt?

A

CCK

27
Q

WHen is CCK released

A

presence of lipids and proteins

28
Q

Does CCK increase or decrease gastric motility?

A

decrease

29
Q

What makes secretin?

A

S-cell

30
Q

S-cell causes release of what?

A

sodium bicarbonate to alkalyze fat

31
Q

What type of properties does bile salt have?

A

Amphipathic

32
Q

Emulsification occurs via what?

A

peristalsis and detergent effect

33
Q

Bile emulsifies fat forming what?

A

micelles

34
Q

TAG are too large to be taken up by enterocytes and are acted upon by what?

A

esterases and pancreatic lipases

35
Q

When TAG are broken down by pancreatic lipases and esterases it removes FA at what points?

A

C-1 and C-3

Forming DAG, FFA, and then 2 monoacylglycerols

36
Q

Pancreatic protein which anchors pancreatic lipase

A

Colipase

37
Q

What is colipase’s zymogen?

and what activates it?

A

procolipase

Trypsin in the lumen of duodnum

38
Q

cholesterol in food are in what form?

A

Free and nonesterified

39
Q

What blocks enzymes to prevent fat abosrption and cause weight reduction?

A

Orlistat

40
Q

What does orlistat do?

A

prevent fat absorption

41
Q

What does cholesterol esterase from pancreas do?

A

Hydrolyze cholesterol ester and to cholesterol and FFA

42
Q

Phospholipase 2 turns to what and activated by what?

A

phospholipid degradation

trypsin

43
Q

Phospholipid degradation does what?

A

Removes FA from carbon 2 on phospholipid forming lysolecithin (lysophopholipid)

44
Q

What forms micelle?

A

cholesterol
FFA
Lysophospholipid
2monoacylglycerol

45
Q

are micelles positive or negatively charged?

A

negative

46
Q

What do micelles interact with?

A

Microvilli and empty their contents into enterocytes

47
Q

FFA, medum and short chain FA are absorbed how?

A

directly into enterocytes and into portal blood to bind to albumin which takes the to liver

48
Q

MAG, DAG, and FFA that enter enterocyte (Diffusion) are carried where?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum where acyltransferase transfers CoA-FA onto them

49
Q

When cholesterol is absorbed and facilitated by transfer proteins such as Niemann Pick C1 transporter, what drug has showed inhibition of cholesterol absorption?

A

ezetimibe

50
Q

How are TG resynthesized

A

Acyl-CoA syhtetase (thiokinase) adds acyl co-a on FA (loves LCFA)

The 2 MAG is converted by TAG synthase using acyl-coa

51
Q

What esterifies Cholesterol in ER

A

Acyl-CoA (ACAT1 and ACAT 2)

don’t esterify plant sterols only cholesterol

52
Q

What converts lysophopholipids to phospholipids?

A

Acyl-transferase

53
Q

TAG in liver can be made in enterocytes by what?

A

A-glycerophosphate

54
Q

How is A-glycerophosphate made?

A

adding PO4 to glycerol or from reducing DHAP

55
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins resynthesized?

A

ER

exported from enterocyte via exocytosis as portion of chylomicrons

56
Q

Once micelles are packaged in ER they are tagged with what inside the enterocyte?

A

Apo B-48 and then Apo A-4

then transferred to HDL

57
Q

Once micelle leave ER it goes where?

A

Golgiapparatus where CHO is added

58
Q

FABP is needed for what?

A

synthesis of TAG,MAG,DAG

59
Q

chylomicrons enter what?

A 
Via exocytosis
lacteals
thoracid duct
left subclavian
circulation
60
Q

where are apolipoproteins made?

A

liver

61
Q

HDL with chylomicron attach what to it?

A

Apo C2 and Apo E

62
Q

Apo C2 and Apo E are recognized by what?

A

lipoprotein lipase on adipocytes and liver cell receptors

63
Q

What breaks down TG in chylomicron?

A

lipoprotein lipase in skeletal muscle and adipocytes

also in kidney heart and liver

64
Q

what makes lipoprotein lipase?

A

skeletal muscles and adipocytes

Lipids (5 decks)

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