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Lipids > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids dissolve in what?

A

Organic Solvents

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2
Q

Name 3 organic solvents that lipids dissolve in

A

Cholorform, Ether, Acetone

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3
Q

6 places you can find lipids

A

Energy sources from diet
Cell and organelle membrane constituent
Constituents of fat-soluble vitamins, hormones, Co-Q, and mediators of eTC

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4
Q

What is Coenzyme Q

A

An enzyme used in oxidative phosphorylation process in mitochondria that turns carbs and fats into ATP (to be used for synthesis)

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5
Q

3 simple lipids

A

Triacylglycerols, diacylglycerol, monoglycerol
Fatty Acids
Waxes

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6
Q

2 types of waxes

A 
Sterol Esters (Cholesterol fatty acid ester)
Non sterol esters (Vitamin A ester)
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7
Q

7 types of compound lipids

A 
Phospholipids
phosphatidic acids (cell signaling)
plasmalogens (cell signal)
sphingomyelins (cell signal)
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins
Derived Lipids
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8
Q

What does a phospholipid do?

A

Forms a permeable barrier to cell membrane

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9
Q

What do glycolipids do?

A

Stabilize cell membrane and facilitate cell to cell interaction

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10
Q

Job of lipoproteins

A

Transport simple lipids

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11
Q

What is a derived lipid

A

Sterols/straight chain alcohols from simple/compound lipid hydrolysis that still have lipid properties such as ethyl alcohol

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12
Q

How long can a carbon chain length be in a fatty acid?

A

Between 4-24 carbon atoms having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end

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13
Q

Which type of lipid provide most of dietary energy from fat

A

Fatty Acid

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14
Q

At what pH does the carboxyl terminal group of FA ionize?

A

4.8 making it lose the H and forming a negative charge making it amphipathic

COOH -> COO-

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15
Q

In LCFA which portion is the largest?

A

The hydrophobic portion making it insoluble

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16
Q

Over __% of FA in plasma are in the form of _____.

Name the 3 types

A

90
esters

TAG
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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17
Q

What is a saturated lipid?

A

Single bonded carbon-carbon

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18
Q

What is a MUFA

A

1 double bond

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19
Q

What is a PUFA

A

2 or more double bonds

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20
Q

The prescence of C=C allow for what?

A

cis and trans conformation

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21
Q

What allows for cis and trans conformation on lipid?

A

C=C

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22
Q

Do trans assume a straight or twisting shape?

A

Straight

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23
Q

Do Cis assume a straight or twisting shape?

A

Twisting into U-Like shape

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24
Q

What is the significans of twisting role of FA?

A

Structure and function of cell membrane

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25
Q

Most FA’s in nature are in what form?

A

Cis

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26
Q

How are Trans fats made (2 ways)?

A

by ruminant digestive processes (hence presence in beef and dairy products)

By hydrogenation

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27
Q

Cis double bonds that are not reduced to single bond by the heat rearrange to what?

A

Trans

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28
Q

Delta system counts double bonds from which end?

A

Carboxyl Group

29
Q

Omega system counts double bonds from which end?

A

Methyl

30
Q

Omega 3 is which type of acid

A

Linolenic

31
Q

Omega 6 is which type of acid?

A

Linoleic

32
Q

DIfference between omega and Delta system

A

20:4 ω-6
Omega tells us where first double bond is

18:2(Δ9,12)
Delta tells us where every double bond is

33
Q

How many carbons separate a FA

A

3

34
Q

What is the precursor for arachidonic?

A

Linoleic acid (provide energy)

35
Q

Precursor to linolenic acid in vivo?

A

Linoleic acid

36
Q

Linoleic makes what?

A

yLinolenic->Eiconsatrienoic->Arachidonic(needed to make prostaglandins and leukotrienes which aid in immune function)

37
Q

What does desaturation mean?

A

Add a cis or trans double bond

38
Q

What does saturation mean?

A

Removing a double bond

39
Q

What is responsible for desaturation?

A

Mixed function oxidase enzyme

40
Q

What occurs in mixed function oxidase enzyme

What two components make this possible?

A

Desaturation (adding a double bond) by using NADPH and oxygen

41
Q

Mixed function oxidase enzymes add double bonds using NADPH and Oxygen for what?

A

make Polyunsaturated FAtty Acids

42
Q

Humans lack the enzyme to insert double bonds between which carbons?

A

Delta 12 and 15 (delta 12 and delta 15 desaturases is needed which are found in plants which is why we consume foods with omega 3 and 6)

43
Q

FA are esterified through which group?

A

Carboxyl group resulting in the loss of negative charge and forming a neutral fat

44
Q

FA are esterified through their carboxyl group resulting in the loss of what?

A

Their negative charge, forming a neutral fat

COO- -> COOR

45
Q

Glycerol has 3 molecules where carbon 1 is ____ carbon 2 is _____ and carbon 3 is _____

A

saturated
unsaturated
either

46
Q

Does UFA lower or raise melting temp?

A

Lowers

47
Q

What does esterified mean?

A

To form an ester (H on carboxyl end of OH is replaced by alkyl group) COOH -> COOR

48
Q

Double bonds prefer which configuration?

A

Cis causing a bend at double bond site

49
Q

Cis double bonds cause a what?

A

Bend at double bond site

50
Q

Does increasing length of carbon chain increase or decrease melting temperature?

A

Increase

51
Q

What makes cell membranes flexible?

A

LCFA double bonds

52
Q

Adding FA to glycerol is done by what?

A

esterification

53
Q

What enzyme removes a FA from glycerol?

A

Lipase

54
Q

FFA are transported by what?

A

albumin

55
Q

What happens when FFA attach to albumin?

A

Transported to various tissues for oxidation

56
Q

Another name for a 4 ring core structure/ steroid nucleus?

A

Cyclo
Pentano
Perhydro
Phenanthrene

57
Q

Sterols are what?

A

Monohydroxyl alcohols

58
Q

Most common sterol?

A

Cholesterol

59
Q

Cholesterol is primary substrate for synthesis of what?

A

steroids

60
Q

Cholesterol can be found in what two forms?

A

Free or esterified

61
Q

Do human enzymes recognize plant sterols?

A

No

62
Q

80% of cholesterol in humans is made by what?

A

Liver

63
Q

What percentage of cholesterol in humans is made by liver?

A

80%

64
Q

5 products made from cholesterol

A 
Steroids
Sex hormones
Bile acids
Adrenal hormones
Vitamin D
65
Q

3 ways you can determine difference of sterol

A

POsition of double bonds on the ring system

Presence of carbonyl or hydroxyl groups

Type of side chain on carbon 17

66
Q

What converts cholesterol hormones?

A

Desmolase

67
Q

How does desmolase convert cholesterol?

A

It first hydroxylates carbon 20 and 22; then cleaving side chain on steroid nucleus

68
Q

3 type of phospholipids?

A

Glycerophophatides
Sphingophosphatides
Phosphatidic acids

69
Q

Example of glycerophosphatide?

A

Cardiolipin (needed for energy conversion in mitochondria)

Lipids (5 decks)

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