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Microbial Physiology > Lecture 2A: Microbial Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake > Flashcards

Lecture 2A: Microbial Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake Flashcards

Membrane Transport, Nutrient Uptake and Protein Secretion

1
Q

Are required in large amounts (in culture media, usually represented in gram-amounts)

A

Macronutrients

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2
Q

Are required in minute amounts (in culture media, usually represented in milligram-amounts)

A

Micronutrients

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3
Q

O and H usually from H2O

Cell Nutrition

A

Macronutrients

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4
Q

Other macronutrients needed by cells but typically in smaller amounts (4)

A
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Sulfur (S)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Magnesium (Mg)

Please Stop Kissing My Giraffe

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5
Q

Are essential nutrients for only a few organisms, such as the NaCl requirement of most marine microorganisms. (2)

A
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Sodium (Na)
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6
Q

Elements essential for all microorganisms (7)

A
  • hydrogen (H)
  • oxygen (O)
  • carbon (C)
  • nitrogen (N)
  • phosphorus (P)
  • sulfur (S)
  • selenium (Se)

“HOy, COng, NAg-PAsok Siya ng Sili!”

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7
Q

What element makes up the largest percentage of a cell’s dry weight?

A

Carbon (50%)

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8
Q

What percentage of a cell’s wet weight is water?

A

75%

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9
Q

What are the four main macromolecules in a cell? (4)

Indicate their building blocks

A
  • Proteins: amino acid
  • nucleic acids: nucleotides
  • lipids: fatty acids
  • polysaccharides: sugars
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10
Q

How do most prokaryotic cells obtain carbon?

A

By breaking down polymeric substances or directly taking in monomeric constituents

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11
Q

Essential Elements: _____ and _____ are next (combined, 25% of dry weight), and ____ follows (13%).

A
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
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12
Q

Although required, ______________________ combine for less than ______ of a cell’s dry weight.

Essential elements in small amounts; percentage

A
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Sulfur (S)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • 5%

Please Stop Kissing My Giraffe

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13
Q

At least ______ other elements either are required by one or more microorganisms or, if not required, are still metabolized in some way

A

50

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14
Q

Essential cations/anions for most microorganisms (5)

A
  • Sodium (Na)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Chlorine (Cl)

Never Make King Charles Cry Loudly.

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15
Q

Trace metals - some essential for microorganisms (Give only 5)

If you can name all 9 elements…

A
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Cobalt (Co)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Nickel (Ni)
  • Zinc (Zn)

other: Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), Tungsten (W)

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16
Q

Elements used for special functions in microorganisms (Give only 5)

If you can name all 11 elements…

A
  • Boron (B)
  • Fluorine (F)
  • Silicon (Si)
  • Arsenic (As)
  • Strontium (Sr)

other: Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd)

BF Si As Sr

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17
Q

Elements unessential but metabolized (Give only 3)

A
  • Lithium (Li)
  • Beryllium (Be)
  • Aluminum (Al)

LiBerAl

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18
Q

Elements unessential and not metabolized (Give only 3)

A
  • Helium (He)
  • Neon (Ne)
  • Argon (Ar)
  • Krypton (Kr)
  • Xenon (Xe)
  • Radon (Rn)
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19
Q

Macromolecular composition of a cell (6)

From highest to lowest dry weight percentage

A
  1. Protein (55%)
  2. RNA (20.5%)
  3. Lipid (9.1%)
  4. Polysaccharide (5.0%)
  5. Lipopolysaccharide (3.4%)
  6. DNA (3.1%)

PeaRL PauL’s Dick

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20
Q

Which is more abundant in a cell, DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

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21
Q

What is the most abundant macromolecule in a bacterial cell?

A

Protein

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22
Q

Which macromolecule primarily stores genetic information?

A

DNA

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23
Q

What macromolecule forms ribosomes and helps in protein synthesis?

A

RNA

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24
Q

What macromolecule makes up the bacterial cell membrane?

A

Lipids

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25
Q

What macromolecule serves as an energy source and structural component in bacterial cells?

A

Polysaccharide

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26
Q

Carbon source from _____________ compounds for most prokaryotes

Macronutrients

A

organic compounds

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27
Q

Cells obtain organic carbon from the breakdown of polymeric substances (________________) or from the direct uptake of their monomeric constituents: _________ (6)

Macronutrients

A
  • catabolism
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • organic acids
  • sugars
  • nitrogen bases
  • aromatic and other compounts
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28
Q

Some microbes are ______________ and can synthesize their own organic compounds from carbon dioxide (CO2).

Macronutrients

A

autotrophs

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29
Q

What are the three main sources of nitrogen for microorganisms?

Bulk of nitrogen available in nature is as ___________ _____ , _________, or ______________.

Macronutrients

A
  • ammonia (NH3)
  • Nitrate (NO3-)
  • Nitrogen gas (N2)
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30
Q

The process where bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into a usable form.

A

Nitrogen fixation

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31
Q

What is the most important trace metal in cellular respiration?

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A

Iron (Fe)

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32
Q

What is the primary function of trace metals in microbial cells?

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A

act as enzyme cofactors

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33
Q

Growth factors are __, while trace metals are __.

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A
  • organic micronutrients
  • inorganic
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34
Q

___________ (organic rather than metallic) such as vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A

Growth factors

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35
Q

What is the most commonly required type of growth factor?

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A

Vitamins

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36
Q

What role do vitamins play in microbial cells?

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A

function as enzyme cofactors

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37
Q

Name three types of organic molecules that can serve as growth factors. (3)

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A
  • Amino acids
  • purines
  • pyrimidines

other: vitamins

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38
Q

Which bacterial genera have extensive vitamin requirements? (3)

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A
  • Streptococcus
  • Lactobacillus
  • Leuconostoc
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39
Q

Give examples of growth factors (4)

Micronutrients: Trace Metals and Growth Factors

A
  • PABA (paminobenzoic acid)
  • Folic acid
  • Biotin
  • B12 (Cobalamin)
  • B1 (Thiamine)
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40
Q

If a cell is to grow and divide, it must take up its __ and __ from the environment.

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A
  • macronutrients
  • micronutrients
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41
Q
  • __________________of the cell membrane serves as a challenge for nutrient transport.
  • Concentration of a given nutrient in the cytoplasm is often much __________ than its concentration in the environment for simple transport to occur
  • Often, nutrient concentration in the environment of the cell is __

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A
  • Impermeability
  • higher
  • low
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42
Q

1/2 Several possibilities have been suggested to account for the abnormally high membrane permeability of water:

  1. Water is very small and so it just __ in bilayers better than larger solutes.
  2. Due to its size, water can __ very small statistical pores (w4.2 Å in diameter).
  3. Passage down __.
  4. Water can be __ in acyl chains that result from acyl chain melting (“lipid melting”).
  5. Water may rapidly cross membranes through __.

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane: Simple diffusion

A
  1. dissolves
  2. readily enter
  3. water channels
  4. carried down kinks
  5. nonmollar regions (e.g. microbes, cubic or HII phased)
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43
Q

2/2 Several possibilities have been suggested to account for the abnormally high membrane permeability of water:

  1. High water permeability will occur at regions of __.
  2. Through __ or __ used to conduct ions.
  3. Through specific water channels known as __.

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane: Simple diffusion

A
  1. packing defect (e.g. surface of integral membrane proteins, boundary between membrane proteins)
  2. pores or channels
  3. aquaporins
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44
Q
  • Non-charged solutes (small, hydrophobic molecules like O₂, CO₂, and lipophilic substances) can pass through
  • The solute will be evenly distributed on both sides of the membrane.
  • a passive process driven by the concentration gradient.
  • Diffusion rate = gradient

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A

Simple diffusion

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45
Q
  • requires transport proteins
  • transport proteins can become fully occupied, causing the rate to level off.
  • a passive process driven by the concentration gradient.

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

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46
Q

What type of kinetics does facilitated diffusion follow?

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A

Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics

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47
Q

What types of transport proteins are used in facilitated diffusion? (2)

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A
  • Carrier proteins
  • channel proteins
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48
Q
  • A facilitated diffusion transporter that allows glucose to passively enter cells without using ATP.
  • does not require ATP because it relies on the concentration gradient of glucose.
  • occurs in almost all cells
  • can be found in the cells lining the small intestine
  • composed of 12 alpha helices

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A

Glucose-facilitated diffusion transporter GLUT-1

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49
Q

Why does glucose require GLUT-1 instead of simple diffusion?

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A

Glucose is polar and large, so it cannot pass freely through the lipid bilayer.

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50
Q

What kind of kinetic behavior does GLUT-1 follow?

Nutrient Transport through the Cell Membrane

A

Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics, meaning the rate of transport levels off when all GLUT-1 proteins are occupied.

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51
Q

Give the four (4) basic classes of Potassium Channels

A
  1. Calcium-activated potassium channel
  2. Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
  3. Tandem pore domain potassium channel
  4. Voltage-gated potassium channel

Composition of almost all cells

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52
Q

What type of potassium channel is activated by intracellular calcium?

A

Calcium-activated potassium channel

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53
Q

Which potassium channel allows K⁺ to flow more easily into the cell than out?

A

Inwardly rectifying potassium channel

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54
Q

What type of potassium channel has two pore-forming domains per subunit?

A

Tandem pore domain potassium channel

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55
Q

What type of potassium channel opens in response to changes in membrane potential?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channel

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56
Q

What term describes a potassium channel composed of identical protein subunits?

A

Homotetramer

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57
Q

What term describes a potassium channel composed of closely related but not identical proteins?

A

Heterotetramer

58
Q

What structure in the potassium channel is responsible for K⁺ selectivity?

59
Q

What does the pore loop do to K⁺ ions before they pass through the channel?

A

Strips away water molecules

60
Q
  • A potent neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels but does not affect potassium channels.
  • there is no known antidote.

Sodium channels

A

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

61
Q

Which animal is commonly associated with tetrodotoxin (TTX)?

Sodium channels

A

Pufferfish (also known as “fugu”)

62
Q
  • A potent neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels, similar to TTX.

Sodium channels

A

saxitoxin (STX)

63
Q

What organisms produce saxitoxin (STX)?

Sodium channels

A

dinoflagellates (algae) such as golden diatoms.

64
Q

They accumulate the toxin by feeding on dinoflagellates that produce it, thus become toxic with saxitoxin (STX).

Sodium channels

A

snails and shellfish

65
Q
  • They serve as transmembrane water channels that allow water molecules to pass in single file.
  • They are impermeable to charged molecules and exclude the passage of other solutes.
A

Aquaporins

66
Q

Is there always water movement in and out of cells? Why?

A

Yes, because of osmotic gradients and the constant regulation of water balance.

67
Q

Specialized aquaporins that facilitate the passage of small solutes like glycerol in addition to water.

A

aquaglyceroporins

68
Q

Who discovered aquaporins?

and what year? what did he won?

A

Dr. Peter Agre

1992; 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of aquaporins.

69
Q

28-kDa protein was thought to be related to blood cell proteins, but later identified as a __.

A

water channel

70
Q
  • Small, lipid-soluble molecules of microbial origin that facilitate ion transport across membranes.
  • Purpose: to conduct ions across membranes
  • electrochemical gradient
A

Ionophores

71
Q

What are the two basic types of ionophores? (2)

Give an example each

A

1️⃣ Channel formers (e.g., Nystatin)
2️⃣ Mobile carriers (e.g., Valinomycin)

72
Q

Who discovered valinomycin?

When?

A

Bernard Pressman

in the early 1960s.

73
Q
  • 12-unit (dodeca) depsipeptide where amino acid peptide bonds are alternated with amino alcohol ester bonds
  • a macrocyclic molecule with the 12 carbonyl oxygens facing the inside of the ring where they chelate a single K+
A

Valinomycin

74
Q

Valinomycin contains: (3)

A
  • D- & L-valine
  • Hydroxyvaleric acid
  • Lactic acid
75
Q

What is valinomycin known for? (3)

A

✅ Originally considered an antibiotic
✅ Now recognized as an ionophore
✅ Most potent agent against SARS-CoV

76
Q

a channel-forming ionophore that creates a hydrophobic pore across a membrane

77
Q

Nystatin allows for the __ of various ions that depend on the dimensions of the pore.

A

rapid facilitated diffusion

78
Q

Nystatin binds to __ in fungal membranes, forming __ that cause __ & __.

A
  • ergosterol
  • transmembrane channels
  • K⁺ leakage
  • fungal death
79
Q

Why is nystatin used in medicine? (3)

A

✅ Antifungal agent
✅ Targets fungi without harming host cells
✅ Used as prophylaxis for AIDS patients

prophylaxis-action taken to prevent disease

80
Q

Who proposed the three-domain system? (2)

A
  • Carl Woese
  • George Fox
81
Q

Why must all Archaea metabolize sugars?

A

Structural backbone of cells

82
Q

What major carbohydrate pathway is absent in Archaea?

A

Glycolysis

83
Q

What alternative sugar-metabolizing pathway is modified in Archaea?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

84
Q

How do microbes obtain phosphorus, and what is its function?

A
  • As phosphate (PO₄²⁻)
  • required for nucleic acids and phospholipids
85
Q

What are the main sulfur sources for microorganisms? (3)

A
  • Sulfate (SO₄²⁻)
  • sulfide (H₂S)
  • organic sulfur compounds
86
Q

What is the role of potassium (K) in microbial cells?

A

Required for enzyme activity

87
Q

What is the role of magnesium (Mg)?

A

Stabilizes ribosomes, membranes, nucleic acids, and is needed for many enzymes

88
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in transport?

A

Barrier to leakage

89
Q

What process accumulates solutes against the concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

90
Q

What are the three basic mechanisms of active transport? (3)

A
  • Simple transport
  • group translocation
  • ABC transport
91
Q

What drives simple transport?

A

Proton motive force

92
Q

Solute and proton cotransported in one direction

A

symport reaction

93
Q

Solute and proton transported in opposite directions

A

antiport reaction

94
Q

What is an example of a symporter in Escherichia coli?

A

Lac permease (lactose transport)

95
Q

What happens to the proton motive force when lactose enters the cell?

A

It is diminished

96
Q

What are the two key differences of group translocation from simple transport?

A
  • Chemical modification of transported substance
  • energy from phosphoenolpyruvate
97
Q

What sugars does the phosphotransferase system transport in Escherichia coli? (3)

A
  • Glucose
  • mannose
  • fructose
98
Q

What is the energy source for the phosphotransferase system?

Group translocation

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

99
Q

What modification is usually added to transported carbohydrates in PTS?

A

Phosphate group

100
Q

What are the five proteins involved in the phosphotransferase system? (5)

A
  • Enzyme I
  • HPr
  • Enzyme IIa
  • Enzyme IIb
  • Enzyme IIc
101
Q

Which enzymes in the phosphotransferase system are nonspecific? (2)

A
  • Enzyme I
  • HPr
102
Q

What type of transport system involves periplasmic binding proteins?

A

ABC transport

ATP-Binding Casette Transport

103
Q

What is the energy source for ABC transporters?

104
Q

What are the three components of the ABC transport system? (3)

A
  • Substrate-binding protein
  • transmembrane transporter
  • ATP-hydrolyzing protein
105
Q

What type of transport system chemically modifies the transported substance?

A

Group translocation

106
Q

What is the function of transmembrane proteins in transport?

A

Form channels for solute movement

107
Q

What conformational change occurs in transmembrane proteins during transport?

A

Gate-like opening to sweep solute into the cell

108
Q

What powers active transport systems? (3)

A
  • Proton motive force
  • ATP; or
  • other energy-rich compounds
109
Q

What structural feature do transmembrane transporters have?

A

12 α-helices forming a channel

110
Q

How does transport occur through transmembrane proteins?

A

Conformational change

111
Q

What energy source drives group translocation?

Group translocation

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

112
Q

What system is the best-studied example of group translocation?

the most common example of group translocation in bacteria

A

Phosphotransferase system

113
Q

What types of sugars are transported by the phosphotransferase system?
(3)
| Group translocation

A
  • Glucose
  • mannose
  • fructose
114
Q

How does phosphorylation occur in group translocation?

A

Phosphate transfer cascade

115
Q

What does ABC stand for in ABC transport systems?

A

ATP-binding cassette

116
Q

What is the main advantage of periplasmic binding proteins?

A

High substrate affinity

117
Q

How do gram-positive bacteria transport substances without a periplasm?

A

Surface-bound substrate-binding proteins

118
Q

What do Archaea primarily use ABC systems for?

A

Sugar transport

119
Q

What property of the cytoplasmic membrane makes transport necessary?

A

Hydrophobic barrier

120
Q

What structures allow passive diffusion through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?

121
Q

What types of molecules are excluded by porins?

A

Hydrophobic compounds

122
Q

Which specific porin facilitates maltose transport?

A

Maltoporin

123
Q

Which molecules can freely diffuse through bacterial membranes? (4)

A
  • Oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • ammonia,
  • water
124
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

125
Q
  1. What is an example of a molecule transported by facilitated diffusion in E. coli? 2. Which protein transports this in E. coli?
  2. What molecules can pass through GlpF? (3)
  3. What charged molecules are excluded from GlpF transport? (2)
A
  1. Glycerol
  2. GlpF (glycerol facilitator)
  3. polyhydric alcohols, urea, glycine
  4. G3P, DOHAP (charged molecules)
126
Q

What protein facilitates rapid water transport across membranes?

A

Aquaporin-Z (AqpZ)

127
Q

What triggers mechanosensitive channel activation?

A

Changes in turgor pressure

128
Q

What mechanosensitive channels in E. coli prevent membrane rupture? (2)

129
Q
  1. What solutes exit the cell via mechanosensitive channels? (3)
  2. What enters the cell via mechanosensitive channels?
A
  1. K+, glutamate, ATP
  2. Na+, H+
130
Q

What bacterial structure releases periplasmic binding proteins during osmotic shock?

A

Outer membrane (gram-negative bacteria)

131
Q
  1. ABC transporters are also called what due to their ATP-binding motifs?
  2. Name the two ATP-binding motifs found in ABC transporters. (2)
  3. What E. coli permease is a well-studied ABC transporter?
A
  1. Traffic ATPases
  2. Walker A box, Walker B box
  3. Histidine permease
132
Q

What powers chemiosmotic-driven transport?

A

Ion gradients (proton motive force, sodium motive force)

133
Q

What are the three types of ion-driven transport? (3)

A
  • Symport
  • antiport
  • uniport
134
Q

What is an example of an antiporter in E. coli?

A

Na+/H+ antiporter (NhaA, NhaB)

135
Q

What are the two major classes of ATP-linked ion motive pumps? (2)

A
  • F-type
  • P-type ATPases
136
Q
  1. What is the exception to the single-subunit structure of P-type ATPases?
  2. What organism was Kdp ATPase first identified in?
A
  1. Kdp ATPase
  2. Escherichia coli
137
Q

What molecules sequester iron in animal hosts? (3)

A
  • Transferrin
  • lactoferrin
  • ferritin
138
Q

What form does environmental iron take that makes it insoluble?

A

Ferric hydroxide (Fe³⁺)

139
Q
  1. What molecules do bacteria use to scavenge iron?
  2. What is the major (1) of E. coli?
A
  1. Siderophores
  2. Enterochelin
140
Q
  1. What two general proteins are required for all PTS carbohydrates?
  2. Which enzyme is carbohydrate-specific in PTS?
  3. Which domain of EII forms the translocation channel?
A
  1. Enzyme I, HPr
  2. Enzyme II (EII)
  3. IIC

Microbial Physiology (10 decks)

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