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Z BIO103- Microbiology > Lecture 2A: Introduction to the Microbial World > Flashcards

Lecture 2A: Introduction to the Microbial World Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganisms (microbes) are:

A
  • diverse in form/function
  • inhabit every environment that
    supports life
  • many single-celled, some form
    complex structures, some
    multicellular
  • live in microbial communities
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2
Q

Microorganisms, Major Form of Life

A
  • Oldest form of life
  • Major fraction of Earth’s biomass
  • Associated with plants and animals, and
    other life forms
  • Affect human life (infectious diseases,
    food and water, soils, animal health,
    fuel)
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3
Q

A living compartment that interacts with the environment and
other cells

A

The cell

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4
Q

Elements of microbial structure that all cells have in common.

A
  • Cytoplasmic (Cell/ plasma) Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosome
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5
Q

barrier that separates the
inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

cytoplasmic (cell/plasma) membrane

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6
Q

matrix of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and
ribosomes inside cell, with water as the major component

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

protein-synthesizing structures

A

ribosomes

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8
Q

no membrane-enclosed
compartments(organelle), no
nucleus

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

Examples of prokayotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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10
Q
  • plants, animals, algae, protozoa,
    fungi
  • contain organelles
  • DNA enclosed in a membranebound compartment = nucleus
A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Distinguishing Features of Procaryotic Cells:
1. DNA

A
  • Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane.
  • A single circular chromosome.
  • Not associated with histone proteins.
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12
Q

Distinguishing Features of Procaryotic Cells: Oganelles

A

-Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi, etc.

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13
Q

Distinguishing Features of Procaryotic Cells: Cell wall

A

-Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan, a complex polysaccharide, or pseudopeptidoglycan or S-layer

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14
Q

a large polymer that forms a mesh-like scaffold around the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Distinguishing Features of Procaryotic Cells: Division

A

Divide by binary fission

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16
Q
  • a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides, resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell
A

Binary Fission

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17
Q

Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells: 1. DNA

A

DNA is;
- Enclosed within a nuclear membrane.
- Several linear chromosomes.
- Associated with histones and other proteins.

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18
Q

Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells: Organelles

A

-Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria,
chloroplasts, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

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19
Q

Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells: Division

A

Divide by mitosis

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20
Q

Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

a cell’s full complement of genes

A

genome

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A
  • Linear chromosomes within nucleus
  • much larger/more DNA (up to billions of
    base pairs)
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24
Q

prokaryotic DNA

A
  • generally single circular chromosome that
    aggregates to form the nucleoid region
  • may also have plasmids
    (extrachromosomal DNA) that confer
    special properties (e.g., antibiotic
    resistance)
  • mall, compact (0.5
    –10 million base pairs)
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25
Q

The properties of microbial cells. Major activities ongoing in
cells in the microbial community

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Evolution
  • Differentiation
  • Communication
  • Genetic Exchange
  • Motility
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26
Q

Cells take up nutrients, transform them and expel waste.

A

Metabolism

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27
Q

Replication, transcription, translation

A

Genetic

28
Q

Energy, biosysnthesis

A

Catalytic

29
Q

Nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells

A

Growth

30
Q

Cells evolve to display new properties. Phylogenetic trees capture evolutionary relationships

A

Evolution

31
Q

Some cells can form new cell structures as spore

A

Differentiation

32
Q

Cells interact with each other by chemical messengers

A

Communication

33
Q

Cells can exchange genes by several mechanism

A

Genetic exchange

34
Q

Some cells are capable of self-propulsion

A

Motility

35
Q

First cells appeared between ___ and ___ billion
years ago.

A
  • 3.8 and 4.3 billion years ago
36
Q

~2.6 billion years ago.

A

The atmosphere was anoxic (no O2)

37
Q

A condition in which the aquatic (water) environment does not contain dissolved oxygen (DO)

A
  • anoxic
38
Q

plants and animals _____ years ago

A

~0.5 billion years ago

39
Q

live in habitats too harsh for
other life forms.

A

Extremophiles

40
Q

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment.

A

Ecosystem

41
Q

is the study of microbes in their natural environment.

A

Microbial ecology

42
Q

________ microbial cells on Earth

A

~2 x 10^30

43
Q

Temeprature, High.
- an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments

A

Hyperthermophile

44
Q

Temperature, Low.
- a group of organisms with the ability to grow and reproduce under low temperatures

A

psychrophile

45
Q

Example of Hyperthermophile

A
  • Methanopyrus kandleri (scientific name pag sulat)
46
Q

Hyperthermophile, domain and habitat

A

Domain: Archea
Habitat: Undersea hydrothermal vents

47
Q

Hyperthermophile, Minimum, optimum and maximum temperature.

A

Minimum: 90°C
Optimum: 106 °C
Maximum: 122°C^b

48
Q

psychrophile, domain and habitat

A

Domain: Bacterial
Habitat: Sea Ice

49
Q

psychrophile, Minimum, optimum and maximum temperature.

A

Minimum: -12
Optimum: 5°C
Maximum: 10°C

50
Q

Are organisms that can withstand and even thrive in acidic environments

A

Acidophile

51
Q

microorganisms that grow optimally or very well at pH values (above 9).

A

Alkaliphile

52
Q

Example of Acidophile

A

Picrophilus oshimae (Scientific name page sulat)

53
Q

Example of Alkaliphile

A

Natronobacterium gregoryi

54
Q

Acidophile, domain and habitat

A

Domain: Archea
Habitat: Acidic Hot springs

55
Q

Alkaliphile, domain and habitat

A

Domain: Archea
Habitat: Soda lakes

56
Q

Acidophile, Minimum, optimum and maximum pH.

A

Minimum: -0.06
Optimal:0.7^d
Maximum: 4

57
Q

Alkiliphile, Minimum, optimum and maximum pH.

A

Minimum: 8.5
Optimal: 10^e
Maximum: 12

58
Q

are defined as organisms which grow optimally or preferentially at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure

A

Barophile (piezophile)

59
Q

Example of Barophile (piezophile)

A

Moritella yayanosii (scientific name pagsulat)

60
Q

Barophile, domain and habitat

A

Domain: Bacteria
Habitat: Deep ocean sediments

61
Q

Barophile, Minimum, optimum and maximum atm. (atmospheric pressure)

A

Minimum: 500 atm
Optimum: 700 atm
Maximum: >1000 atm

62
Q

an organism, especially a microorganism, that grows in or can tolerate saline conditions.

A

Halophile

63
Q

example of halophile

A

Halobacterium salinarum (scientific name pagsulat)

64
Q

Halophile, domain and habitat

A

Domain: Archea
Habitat: Salterns

65
Q

Halophile, Minimum, optimum and maximum saline.

A

Minimum: 15%
Optimum: 25%
Maximum: 32% (saturation)

Z BIO103- Microbiology (8 decks)

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