Introduction Flashcards
Microbiology is the field of science that studies
Microorganisms
Micriobioly derive its name from three greek words;
mikros, bios, logia
mikros
small
bios
life
logia
science
what is microbiology?
- Study of life too small to be
seen by unaided eye - Using techniques of
microbiology
Using techniques of
microbiology
- isolate microorganisms
- study their characteristics
Define ‘microorganisms’
- Microorganisms
- Prokaryotes
microorganisms
- can be eukaryotic, archeal, bacterial
Prokaryotes
- lack membraine-bound nucleus
- self-replicate
Does bacteria have body parts?
Yes
Virus contains…..
genetic material either DNA or RNA and have protein
Bacteria or Virus. Which of the following have body parts?
Bacteria.
Can Virus replicate?
No
The science of microbiology
- Biochem
- Molecular Bio
- Physiology
- Genetics
- Geology
- Engineering
- Computer Science
- Chemistry
- Ecology
Microbiology; Basic
- By organism,
- By process,
- Disease related
Microbiology; Basic; By organism
- Bacteriology
- Phycology
- Mycology
- Virology
- Parasitology
- Protazoalogy
Microbiology; basic; by process;
- Microbial Metabolism
- Microbial genetics
Microbiology; basic; disease related
- Immunology
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
Microbiology; Applied
- Dieases related
- Environmentally related
- Industrial
Microbiology; Applied; Disease related
- Infection
- Control
- Chemotheraphy
Microbiology; Applied; Environmentally related
- Environmental microbiology
Microbiology; Applied; Industrial
- Food and Beverage tech
- Pharmaceutical
- Microbiology
- Genetic
- Engineering
Two major areas in the field of microbiology
- Basic Microbiology
- Applied Microbiology
where the fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied
Basic Microbiology
where information learned
from basic microbiology is
employed to control and
use microorganisms in
beneficial ways
Applied Microbiology
1st person to describe
microorganisms
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke
* described the _____ _____ _ _____ in 1665
Fruiting structures of molds
- discovered bacteria in 1676
where he made drawings and
reported his observations to the
Royal Society of London - used primitive microscope to
observe river water, pepper
infusions, saliva and feces (see
minute, moving objects which
he called it ‘animacules’)
Anton van Leewenhoek (1632-1723)
Anton van Leewenhoek (1632-1723)
▪ used primitive microscope to
observe river water, pepper
infusions, saliva and feces (see
minute, moving objects which
he called it ‘____________’)
animacules
▪ trained as a botanist
▪ founded the field of bacteriology and discovered
bacterial endospores of Bascillus
▪ credited for the used of cotton for closing flasks and tubes (simple
method for preventing contamination of sterile culture media)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)
▪ trained as a botanist
▪ founded the field of bacteriology and discovered
_____ ______ __ __________
▪ credited for the used of _____ for closing flasks and tubes (simple
method for preventing contamination of sterile culture media)
- bacterial endospores of Bascillus
- cotton
Specific bacteria that Ferdinand Cohn discovered the endospores
Bacillus subtilis (scientific name ang pag sulat)
Abiogenesis
life aros from the non-living
Biogenesis
life arose from life (living parents)
French chemist
▪ disprove the theory of spontaneous generation using his
Swan-neck or Pasteur Flask which was heated to
eliminate contamination
▪ Sterilization –process of killing all the bacteria or
microorganisms in or on objects
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
French chemist
▪ disprove the theory of spontaneous generation using his
_______ _____ _ _______ _______ which was heated to
eliminate contamination
▪
____________ –process of killing all the bacteria or
microorganisms in or on objects
- swan-neck or Pasteur flask
- Sterilization
occurs when grape juice is allowed to stand and
through a series of biochemical changes, alcohol and other
substances are produced from grape sugar.
Fermentation
Wine making (Pasteur concluded that proper selection of microbes
could ensure a consistently good product)
How?
- Heating the grape juice
- Cool and inoculate it with some high-quality wine
( Starter culture = contained the desired kind of microbe) - Preserved the wine by heating it to 50-60oC
(pasteurization)
-applied today in the canning and preservation
of many foods
contained the desired kind of microbe
Starter culture
Species that we use on Yeast
Saccharomcyes cerevisiae
UHT
(Ultra-high temperature processing) above 135 °C
Established of Germ Theory of Disease
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
– German physician
- development of methods for Study of bacteria culture
- Koch postulates (criteria to prove a specific microbe causes
a particular disease
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
(criteria to prove a specific microbe causes
a particular disease)
Koch postulates
the test of his postulate is his discovery of the causative
agent of ___________ (1881)
Tubercolosis
—that is, a culture containing a
single kind (species) of microorganisms.
Pure Culture
Pure culture —that is, a culture containing a
____ _______ _____ __ _________.
single kind (species) of microorganisms.
-English surgeon
-development of the concept of aseptic technique
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
We take it for granted that a surgeon will guard a patient’s safety by using ______method
aseptic
But this was not always the case, and until Lister introduced sterile surgery, a
patient could undergo a procedure successfully only to die from a postoperative infection known as ‘ward fever’…He chose dressings soaked with _______(phenol) to cover the wound and the rate of infection was vastly reduced. Lister then experimented with _________, _____________and
spraying _______ in the theatre while operating,
- carbolic acid
- hand washing,
- sterilizing instruments; and spraying carbolic
Lister is known as…
Father of antiseptic surgery
Father of antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
Discovered the Enrichment Culture technique
- a dutch botanist (1851-1931)
Martinus Beijerinck
a procedure that greatly improves the possibility of isolating special kinds of microorganisms from soil and water (nutrient and incubation requirements)
Enrichment culture
example of enrichment culture
aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, sulfatereducing, sulfur-oxidixing bacteria, green algae
Who founded chemolithotropy
Sergei Winogradsky
Russian microbiologist (1856-
1953)
* made fundamental observations
on the role of microorganisms in
performing biogeochemical involving sulfur, iron and their
compounds
Sergei Winogradsky
- made fundamental observations
on the role of microorganisms in
performing _______________
involving sulfur, iron and their
compounds
biogeochemical
the oxidation of
inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
chemolithotropy
suggested replacing gelatin with agar
In 1882 by Angelina Fannie Hesse
Agar is a
_____________ derived from ______________, and proved to be a superior gelling agent
- polysaccharide
- red seaweeds
Temperature that agar melts
85°C
until what temperature that gel does become ‘gel’
32°C-42°C
The use of
agar allows the creation of a medium that can be
inoculated at ____°C
40°C
its cooled molten state and yet
incubated at __°C without melting.
60°C
Discovered Petri dish
Julius Richard Petri
-military physician
-assistant to R. Koch in the
Imperial Health Office (Berlin) in
the 1880’s
-developed Petri dish from
suggestion of a co-worker (Fanny
Hesse who discovered agar for
solid media)
Julius Richard Petri
Who discovered Salvarsan?
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
Salvarsan
* Discovered by Paul Ehrlich (1908) (1908)
* Arsenic compound that inhibited ________
- syphilis
Who discovered Penecillin
Alexander Fleming (1928)
- Commercially available in the 1939
- Penicillin
- First sultra-drug by _______ ______ ______ ______ (1935)
- Also the first drug to be used commercially
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk
- First sultra-drug by (1935) Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk
- Also the first drug to be used commercially
Prontosil
________________ and ____________ (1944)
* Second antibiotic
Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz (1944)
- Second antibiotic
- Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz (1944)
Streptomycin
-the study of the total set of DNA and comparative analysis of the genes of different organisms.
Genomics
-the study of total set of Proteins (protein expression) in cell
Proteomics
study of the total set of Metabolites in a cell or tissue or organism
Metabolomics
study of total set of RNAs in a cell, tissue, or organism
Transcriptomics
-study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an environmental sample
Metagenomics
the study of bacteria.
Bacteriology
the branch of botany concerned with seaweeds and other algae.
phycology
the study of fungi
mycology
the branch of science that deals with the study of viruses.
Virology
the branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms
Parasitology
the study of protozoans
Protozoology
Produce methane
Methanogens
